======================PROTOCOLS_GPIB_USB_ETC============================== RS232 GPIB SCSI USB Firewire I2C ASCII TRANSMIT EYE_PATTERN JITTER DIGITAL_CODING RADIO_CONTROLLED BINARY FLOAT CD ======================PROTOCOLS_RS232============================= EIA Electronics Industry Association produced standards for RS485, RS422, RS232, and RS423 previously marked with prefix "RS" to indicate recommended standard; RS232 (single-ended) introduced in 1962, allows for up to 20K bits/second to 50Ft. @ Independent channels for two-way (full-duplex) idle state (MARK) signal negative to common, active state (SPACE) signal positive to common. _______ ___ _______ ___ ___ | S | D | D | D D | D D D | D | P | T |___| |___| |___________| |___| LSB MSB S=startBit D=data P=ParityBit 1=StopBit T=1/Baud 9600Baud=104.2us RS422 (differential) pair of converters from RS232 to RS422 (and back again) can be used to form "RS232 extension cord." up to 100K bits/second up to 4000 Ft. also specified for multi-drop (party-line) SPECIFICATIONS RS232 RS423 RS422 RS485 Mode of Operation SINGLE SINGLE DIFFER- DIFFER- ENDED -ENDED ENTIAL ENTIAL Number Drivers and 1 DRIVER 1 DRIVER 1 DRIVER 1 DRIVER Receivers One Line 1 RECVR 10 RECVR 10 RECVR 32 RECVR Maximum Cable Length 50 FT. 4000 FT. 4000 FT. 4000 FT. Maximum Data Rate 20kb/s 100kb/s 10Mb/s 10Mb/s Max Driver Output -0.25V to Voltage +/-25V +/-6V +6V -7V to +12V Driver Out Loaded +/-5V to +/-3.6V +/-2.0V +/-1.5V (Loaded Min.) +/-15V Driver Unloaded +/-25V +/-6V +/-6V +/-6V Driver Load Imped 3k to 7k >=450 100 54 IoutHigh Z Pwr On N/A N/A N/A +/-100uA IoutHigh Z Pwr Off +/-6mA @ +/-100uA +/-100uA +/-100uA State +/-2v Slew Rate (Max.) 30V/uS Adjustable N/A N/A Rec Input Range +/-15V +/-12V -10V to -7V to +12V 10V Receiver Sens +/-3V +/-200mV +/-200mV +/-200mV Receiver Res 3k to 7k 4k min. 4k min. >=12k ----------------------PROTOCOLS_RS232---------------------- RS232 Common names: EIA-232D (RS232-D), ITU-TSS (CCITT) V.24/V.28, ISO 2110 [25 PIN D-SUB MALE] (at the DTE) [25 PIN D-SUB FEMALE] (at the DCE) 25 PIN D-SUB MALE at the DTE (Computer). 25 PIN D-SUB FEMALE at the DCE (Modem). Pin Name RS232 V.24 Dir Description 1 GND n/a 101 [---]Shield Ground 2 TXD BA 103 [-->]Transmit Data 3 RXD BB 104 [<--]Receive Data 4 RTS CA 105 [-->]Request to Send 5 CTS CB 106 [<--]Clear to Send 6 DSR CC 107 [<--]Data Set Ready 7 GND AB 102 [---]System Ground 8 CD CF 109 [<--]Carrier Detect 9 - - RESERVED 10 - - RESERVED 11 STF 126 [-->]Select Transmit Channel 12 S.CD SCF 122 [<--]Secondary Carrier Detect 13 S.CTS SCB 121 [<--]Secondary Clear to Send 14 S.TXD SBA 118 [-->]Secondary Transmit Data 15 TCK DB 114 [<--]Trans Signal Element Timing 16 S.RXD SBB 119 [<--]Secondary Receive Data 17 RCK DD 115 [<--]Receiver Signal Element Timing 18 LL LL 141 [-->]Local Loop Control 19 S.RTS SCA 120 [-->]Secondary Request to Send 20 DTR CD 108.2 [-->]Data Terminal Ready 21 RL RL 140 [-->]Remote Loop Control 22 RI CE 125 [<--]Ring Indicator 23 DSR CH 111 [-->]Data Signal Rate Selector 24 XCK DA 113 [-->]Transmit Signal Element Timing 25 TI TM 142 [<--]Test Indicator Note: Direction is DTE (Computer) relative DCE (Modem). Note: RS232 column is RS232 circuit name. Note: ITU-T column is ITU-TSS V.24 circuit name. Note: Do not connect SHIELD(1) to GND(7). start bit requires gate senses falling edge during clock high. stop bit set to detect a rising edge. Usually customer has option of setting the lower 3 address bits externally. But this requires pins. ViH_min = 3V ViL_max = 1.5 at 5VCC min low time = 4.17uS min high time is 4us start data high = bus free max bus cap 400pf = 100kbits/sec less tan 10k ohms http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/index.html flow control stop sending data When buffer at "high water mark" resume at "low water mark" escape sequence ("escape code") (ASCII 27) from DEC vt100 video terminal perform special function , Hayes modem uses "+++" Device Control four ASCII characters, DC1, DC2, DC3, and DC4, once used to remotely control equipment paired,DC1/DC3 turning one device on/off,DC2/DC4 another null modem RS-232 cable, for two computers directly both computers transmit pin three and recieve pin two, It also needs male connectors at both ends to spec . TXD:Transmit data RXD:Receive data RTS:Request to send (Pc sets this when ready to send ) CTS:Clear to send (modem ready to transmit ) DTR:Data terminalready (PC tells modem ready to send ) DSR:Data set ready (modem tells PC ready to transmit) CD:Carrier detect (modem sets this when detects PC) DTE:Data Terminal Equipment (terminal) DCE:Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (modem,computer) _______ ___ _______ ___ ___ | S | D | D | D D | D D D | D | P | T |___| |___| |___________| |___| LSB MSB S=startBit D=data P=ParityBit 1=StopBit T=1/Baud 9600Baud=104.2us _________ RS232C DB25 Male | | \ \ |13_| \ \ | ()_) _\ \ 13 Clear2 Send2 |12_|()_)|25 | 25 Test Mode | ()_) _ | | 12 SignalDetect2 |11_|()_)|24 | 24 DTE source | ()_) _ | | |10_|()_)|23 | 23 Data signal Rate | ()_) _ | | | _|()_)|22 | 22 Ring Indicator |9()_) | | | _|()_)|21 | 21 Remote loop back |8()_) _ | | 8 CD CarrierDetect CD or DCD | _|()_)|20 | 20 DTR Data Termin ready DTE or DTR |7()_) _ | | 7 GND Signal Gnd | _|()_)|19 | 19 Request to Send2 |6()_) | | 6 DSR Dataset Ready MAC =5V | _|()_)|18 | 18 Local loop back |5()_) _ | | 5 CTS Clear to Send | _|()_)|17 | 17 DCE source(rec signtiming) |4()_) _ | | 4 Request2 Send | _|()_)|16 | 16 Receive Data2 |3()_) | | 3 RXD Receive Data | _|()_)|15 | 15 DCE source(xtm sig timing) |2()_) _ | | 2 Transmit Data | _|()_)|14 | 14 TXD Transmit Data2 |1()_) / / 1 GND Shield GND | | / / |___|_/___/ _________ RS232C DB25 FeMale | \ \ | \ \ |1() \ \ 1 GND Shield | () |14 | 14 RXD Receive Data2 ->TXD |2() | | 2 Receive Data | () |15 | 15 DCE source(xtm sig timing |3() | | 3 TXD Transmit Data ->RXD | () |16 | 16 Transmit Data2 |4() | | 4 CTS Clear to Send | () |17 | 17 DCE source(rec sign timing |5() | | 5 RTS Request2 Send | () |18 | 18 Local loop back |6() | | 6 Dataset Ready | () |19 | 19 Clear to Send2 |7() | | 7 GND Signal Gnd | () |20 | 20 DTE Rdy (Data Termin Equip) |8() | | 8 Receive Line Signal Detect | () |21 | 21 Remote loop back |9() | | | () |22 | 22 Ring Indicator | () | | |10 () |23 | 23 Data signal Rate | () | | |11 () |24 | 24 DTE source | () | | 12 SignalDetect2 |12 () |25 | 25 Test Mode | () / / 13 Request2Send2 |13 / / |_____/___/ RTS: Request to send CTS: Clear to send DTR: Data terminalready compsets high = ready to transmit DSR: Data set ready modem sets high = ready DCD: Data Carrier detect modem sets high = detect a carrier _________ Mac_2_RS232_printer | | \ \ |13_| \ \ | ()_) _\ \ |12_|()_)|25 | | ()_) _ | | |11_|()_)|24 | | ()_) _ | | |10_|()_)|23 | | ()_) _ | | | _|()_)|22 | |9()_) | | | _|()_)|21 | |8()_) _ | | | _|()_)|20 | |7()_) _ | | 7 Signal Gnd | _|()_)|19 | |6()_) | | 6 DSR MAC =5V | _|()_)|18 | |5()_) _ | | | _|()_)|17 | |4()_) _ | | | _|()_)|16 | |3()_) | | 3 Receive Data | _|()_)|15 | |2()_) _ | | 2 Transmit Data | _|()_)|14 | |1()_) / / 1 Shield GND | | / / |___|_/___/ _________ | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 TXD ->RXD | _|()_)|9 | 9 RXD ->TXD |4()_) _ | | | _|()_)|8 | 9 -> p8 |3()_) _ | | 3 GND | _|()_)|7 | 7 -> p7 |2()_) _ | | 2 +5V | _|()_)|6 | 6 +12 DTR -> p8 |1()_) / / | | / / |___|_/___/ DTE DCE TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| RTS ___ ____ RTS | | CTS___/|\__| __ CTS |_____| GND _____________ GND Mac_2_Modem _________ | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 TXD ->RXD | _|()_)|9 | 9 RXD ->TXD |4()_) _ | | | _|()_)|8 | 9 -> p8 |3()_) _ | | 3 GND | _|()_)|7 | 7 -> p7 |2()_) _ | | 2 +5V | _|()_)|6 | 6 +12 DTR -> p8 |1()_) / / | | / / |___|_/___/ _________ | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 TXD ->RXD | _|()_)|9 | 9 RXD ->TXD |4()_) _ | | | _|()_)|8 | 9 -> p8 |3()_) _ | | 3 GND | _|()_)|7 | 7 -> p7 |2()_) _ | | 2 +5V | _|()_)|6 | 6 +12 DTR -> p8 |1()_) / / | | / / |___|_/___/ RS232_Reversal TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| DTR ____________ DTR RTS ___ | CTS____|________ DCD DCD ___ ____ RTS | | DSR___/|\__| __ DSR |_____| RTS: Request to send CTS: Clear to send DTR: Data terminalready DSR: Data set ready _________ RS232C DB9 Male | | \ \ | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 GND Signal Gnd | _|()_)|9 | 9 Ring Indicator |4()_) _ | | 4 DTE | _|()_)|8 | 8 CTS Clear to Send |3()_) | | 3 TXD Transmit Data | _|()_)|7 | 7 RTS Request to Send |2()_) _ | | 2 RXD Receive Data | _|()_)|6 | 6 DCE Ready |1()_) / / 1 CD Carrier signal detect | | / / |___|_/___/ ________ | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale | \ \ |1() \ \ 1 CD | ()6 | | 6 DSR |2() | | 2 RXD | ()7 | | 7 RTS |3() | | 3 TXD | ()8 | | 8 CTS |4() | | 4 DTR | ()9 | | 9 Ring Indicator |5() / / 5 Gnd signal Gnd | / / |_____/__/ Gender_Change ________ | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale | \ \ |1() \ \ 1 CD | ()6 | | 6 DSR |2() | | 2 RXD | ()7 | | 7 RTS |3() | | 3 TXD | ()8 | | 8 CTS |4() | | 4 DTR | ()9 | | 9 Ring Indicator |5() / / 5 Gnd signal Gnd | / / |_____/__/ ________ | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale | \ \ |1() \ \ 1 CD | ()6 | | 6 DSR |2() | | 2 RXD | ()7 | | 7 RTS |3() | | 3 TXD | ()8 | | 8 CTS |4() | | 4 DTR | ()9 | | 9 Ring Indicator |5() / / 5 Gnd signal Gnd | / / |_____/__/ ________ COPS | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale port | \ \ |1() \ \ | ()6 | | |2() | | 2 RXD | ()7 | | 7 RTS |3() | | 3 TXD | ()8 | | 8 CTS |4() | | | ()9 | | |5() / / 5 Signal Gnd | / / |_____/__/ ________ CABLE_COPS | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale | \ \ |1() \ \ 1 CD | ()6 | | 6 DSR |2() | | 2 RXD | ()7 | | 7 RTS |3() | | 3 TXD | ()8 | | 8 CTS |4() | | 4 DTR | ()9 | | 9 Ring Indicator |5() / / 5 Gnd | / / |_____/__/ _________ | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 Signal Gnd | _|()_)|9 | 9 Ring Indicator |4()_) _ | | 4 DTE Rdy | _|()_)|8 | 8 Clear to Send |3()_) | | 3 Transmit Data | _|()_)|7 | 7 Request to Send |2()_) _ | | 2 Receive Data | _|()_)|6 | 6 DCE Ready |1()_) / / 1 Receive Line | | / / Signal Detect |___|_/___/ ________ CABLE1_mac | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale | \ \ |1() \ \ | ()6 | | |2() | | 2 is open | ()7 | | |3() | | | ()8 | | |4() | | | ()9 | | |5() / / | / / |_____/__/ ____ ____ / V \ Male / 4 0 8 \ / \ | 5 1,3 9 | | | \_ 6 7 _/ |_______| _________ CABLE2_mac | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 Signal Gnd | _|()_)|9 | 9 Ring Indicator |4()_) _ | | 4 DTE Rdy | _|()_)|8 | 8 Clear to Send |3()_) _ | | 3 Transmit Data | _|()_)|7 | 7 Request to Send |2()_) _ | | 2 Receive Data | _|()_)|6 | 6 DCE Ready |1()_) / / 1 Receive Line | | / / |___|_/___/ ____ ____ / V \ Male / 8 7 4 \ / gnd \ | 9 1gnd 5 | | tx rx | \_ 7 6 _/ |_______| rts cts _________ RS232C DB9 Male | | \ \ | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 Signal Gnd | _|()_)|9 | 9 Ring Indicator |4()_) _ | | 4 DTE Rdy | _|()_)|8 | 8 Clear to Send |3()_) _ | | 3 Transmit Data | _|()_)|7 | 7 Request to Send |2()_) _ | | 2 Receive Data | _|()_)|6 | 6 DCE Ready |1()_) / / 1 Receive Line | | / / |___|_/___/ ____ ____ / V \ FeMale / 0 - 5 \ / \ | 7 1 5 | | | \_ 3 2 _/ |_______| Blue Orange Red Yellow ____ ____ / V \ Male / R _ 5 \ / | | \ | O |_| B | | | \_ Y 2 _/ |_______| HX20_2_RS232-------------------------- _________ / _ TXD \ Cable _/ 2()_) _ \ CTS 5()_) _ 4()_) \ RTS _| ()_) _ | RXD 3()_) 6 1()_) | GND \_ DSR _ / DCD 8()_) 7()_) / DTR \________/ T? = Transmit? = DTR H! = Hold! = CTS shorted to RTS _________ | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ TXD->RXD |5()_) _\ \ | _|()_)|9 | RXD->TXD |4()_) _ | | | _|()_)|8 | GND |3()_) _ | | | _|()_)|7 | T? -> H! +5V |2()_) _ | | | _|()_)|6 | H! -> T? |1()_) / / | | / / |___|_/___/ TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| DTR ____________ DTR RTS ___ | CTS____|________ DCD DCD ___ ____ RTS | | DSR___/|\__| __ DSR |_____| RTS: Request to send CTS: Clear to send DTR: Data terminalready DSR: Data set ready _________ HX20 port / TXD \ HX20_2_RS232 / 2() \ RTS /4() 5()\ CTS | () | GND |1() 6 3()| RXD \ DSR / DTR \ 7() 8() /DCD \____^____/ Request to send RTS: high trans, high or low receive Clear to send CTS: must be high to trans.. norm = don't care Data terminalready DTR: must be high to tramsmit Data set ready DSR: Send out when ready to transmit Data Carrier detect DCD: High all the time HX20 port _________ / _ TXD \ ->p3_d25_RXD _/ 2()_) _ \ CTS->p8_d25_DCD 5()_) _ 4()_) \ RTS ->p8_d25_DCD _| ()_) _ | RXD->p2_d25_TXD 3()_) 6 1()_) | GND ->p7_d25_GND \_ DSR _ / DCD->p6_d25_DSR 8()_) ^ 7()_) /DTR ->p20_d25_DTR \_|______/ CTS shorted to RTS |__ ->p4_d25_RTS D-type connector so named because one side is shorter (with one less pin) (squarish) "D" shape.25-way(13+12 pins) a9-way(5+4 pins) UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter a transmitter (parallel-to-serial converter) a receiver each clocked separately. parallel side of a UART isconnected to bus of computer. computer writes to UART's transmit data register (TDR), UART start transmit on the serial line. UART's status register flag bit if ready for another byte. Another status register bit says UART has received a byte computer read it from receive data register (RDR). If another byte received before previous one read, UART signal an "overrun" error via another status bit. The UART set up to interrupt the computer format the UART by the UART's control register incorrectly formated signal "framing/"parity error". Often the clock will run at 16 times the baud rate to read each bit in middle of its allotted time period makes the UART more tolerant to "jitter" stop bit extra "1" bits which follow the data and any parity bit. mark end of a byte or character). start bit signals the start of transmission oon a serial line zero-one transition tells receiver when to start sampling the signal to extract the data bits. synchronous Two or more processes common timing signals. asynchronous Not synchronised by shared clock , execution independently loser An unexpectedly bad situation, program,programmer Someone who habitually loses. (Even winners can lose ) Someone who knows not and knows not that he knows not. Emphatic forms real loser,total loser,complete loser" (not "moby loser", which is a contradiction in terms). RS-232C The EIA RS-232C electrical signal unbalanced +/- 5 to +/- 12V, polar non return to zero speeds up to 19.2 kilobits per second. DTE Data Terminal Equipment controls communication channel (terminals, computers) DCE Data Communication Equipment ...typically a modem IF "straight-through" cable (p1 to p1, p2 to p2 etc.) DTE should a male connector + trans on p3 and rece p2. gender mender gender bender,gender blender,sex changer,homosexualadaptor two male/female connectors used to correct mismatch RS-232 Originally DCE was modem and DTE was computer/terminal DCE RS-232 have female connector and tran p2 and rec p3 DTE RS-232 have male connector and tran p3 and rec p2 http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/ foldoc.cgi?hardware+handshaking TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| GND _____________ GND DTE DCE DTE: Data Terminal Equipment (terminal) DCE: Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (modem,computer) RS232C Max 20Kbps @ 15meters unbalanced Logic_0 "space" Vout +3V -> +15B Logic_1 "mark" Vout -3V -> -15V RS422 twisted pair balanced 10Mbps @ 12 meters .1Mbps@1.2Km _______ ___ _______ ___ ___ | S | D | D | D D | D D D | D | P | T |___| |___| |___________| |___| LSB MSB S=startBit D=data P=ParityBit 1=StopBit T=1/Baud 9600Baud=104.2us DTE Rdy Trans Recv Sig Det _ ___ _______ ___ _________ | ST| D0| D1| D2 D2| D4 D5 D6| D7| P | SB| : |___| |___| |___________| |___| | LSB MSB startBit ST data D ParityBit P StopBit 1 T 1/Baud 9600Baud= 104.2us Software Handshake XON and XOFF Hardware DTE DCE TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| RTS ___ ____ RTS | | CTS___/|\__| __ CTS |_____| GND _____________ GND RTS: Request to send CTS: Clear to send DTR: Data terminalready compu sets space_Hi so printer recev DSR: Data set ready printer sets space_Hi to receive DCD: Data carrier detect must space_Hi for printer to receiv n=0 is Speaker always off, n=0 is Speaker always on, n=1 is Speaker on until carrier detected (default) n=3 is Speaker on after dial through CONNECT O Return to on-line state P Pulse Dial Qn n=0 is send Resun Codes, n-1 is do not send code R Reverse mode (Originate Only) S0=n n=0 to 255 rings before answer (sees switch 5) S1=n n=0 to 127, count rings S2=n n=0 to 127, 43 default , Set escape code character S3=n n=0 to 127, 13 default , Set cr character S4=n n=0 to 127, 10 default, Set Line Feed character S5=n n=0 to 127, 8 default, Set Backspace character S6=n n=2 to 255, Wait for dial tone seconds S7=n n=2 to 255, Wait carrier detect seconds S8=n n=0 to 255, Set duration pause seconds S9=n Carrier detect response time seconds/10 S1O=n Delay time carrier loss to hang-up 1/10sec. Sll=n Duration a ndspace of Touch Tones ( 50ms to 255ms) S12=n Escape code guard time 1-255 1/10 sec S13=n UART status bit map (reserved) S14-n Option Register, product code returned by AT10 S15=n Flag Register(reserved) S16=n Self test mod€. n=O is data mode (default), n-1 is Analog Loopback, n=2 is dial test n=4 is Test Pattern, n=5 is Analog Loopback and Test Pattern. Sn? Send contents of Register n (0 to 16) to Computer T Touch Tone Dial Vn n-O is send resun€u€eo€d€d€B€€-1 is wMds Xn n-B send basic result code 1 to 8 send extended resun codes B to 12 Z Somvare reset and reset to defaun values Hardware DTE DCE TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| RTS ___ ____ RTS ??????????? | | CTS___/|\__| __ CTS |_____| DTR ___ ____ DTR | | DSR___/|\__| __ DSR |_____| GND _____________ GND RTS: Request to send CTS: Clear to send DTR: Data terminalready DSR: Data set ready TXD: Transmit data RXD: Receive data RTS: Request to send (Pc sets this when ready to send ) CTS: Clear to send (modem ready to transmit ) DTR: Data terminalready (PC tells modem ready to send ) DSR: Data set ready (modem tells PC ready to transmit) CD: Carrier detect (modem sets this when detects PC) DTE: Data Terminal Equipment (terminal) DCE: Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (modem,computer) Half_dulplex data sent only in one direction at a time Full_dulplex data sent in both directions at a time Synchronous transmit data in blocks using sync characters 1baud one audio signal transitions per second FSK: Frequency_shift_Keying logic_0 = 1080Hz Logic_1 = 1750Hz 1baud =1bps PSK: Phase_shift_Keying logic_1/0 set by alternating carrier phase more bits per baud since phases are 0,90,180,270 QAM: Quadrature)_amplitude_modulation Both phase and frequency 1.7KHz or1.8Khz @ 2400baud only 4 bits usable per baud TCM: TCQAM or Trellic_coded quadrature_amplitude_modulation 6bits per baud. 14,400 bps modems use this CCITT V.XX Standards Consultative Committee InternalTelepho&Telegraph V.22 synch/asynch ,full duplex,2 wires, 1200bpsdata V.22bis synch/asynch ,full duplex,2 wires, 2400/1200bpsdata V.32 synch/asynch ,full duplex,2 wires, 9600bpsdata V.32bis synchs/asynch,full dupx,2wires,4.8K,7.2K,9.6K,12K,14.4Kbps V.34bis synchs/asynch,full dupx,2wires,28.8Kbps,speed<=line noise V.35 synchs/asynch ,full duplex,2 wires Bell stand : 0.3K,1.2K,2.4K,4.8Kbps TXD: Transmit data RXD: Receive data RTS: Request to send (Pc sets high when ready to send ) CTS: Clear to send (modem ready to transmit ) DTR: Data terminalready (PC tells modem ready to send ) DSR: Data set ready (modem tells PC ready to transmit) CD: Carrier detect (modem sets this when detects PC) DTE: Data Terminal Equipment (terminal) DCE: Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (modem,computer) ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange US-ASCII uses lower seven bits (character points 0 to 127) RS232 Common names: EIA-232D (RS232-D), ITU-TSS (CCITT) V.24/V.28, ISO 2110 [25 PIN D-SUB MALE] (at the DTE) [25 PIN D-SUB FEMALE] (at the DCE) 25 PIN D-SUB MALE at the DTE (Computer). 25 PIN D-SUB FEMALE at the DCE (Modem). Pin Name RS232 V.24 Dir Description 1 GND n/a 101 [---]Shield Ground 2 TXD BA 103 [-->]Transmit Data 3 RXD BB 104 [<--]Receive Data 4 RTS CA 105 [-->]Request to Send 5 CTS CB 106 [<--]Clear to Send 6 DSR CC 107 [<--]Data Set Ready 7 GND AB 102 [---]System Ground 8 CD CF 109 [<--]Carrier Detect 9 - - RESERVED 10 - - RESERVED 11 STF 126 [-->]Select Transmit Channel 12 S.CD SCF 122 [<--]Secondary Carrier Detect 13 S.CTS SCB 121 [<--]Secondary Clear to Send 14 S.TXD SBA 118 [-->]Secondary Transmit Data 15 TCK DB 114 [<--]Trans Signal Element Timing 16 S.RXD SBB 119 [<--]Secondary Receive Data 17 RCK DD 115 [<--]Receiver Signal Element Timing 18 LL LL 141 [-->]Local Loop Control 19 S.RTS SCA 120 [-->]Secondary Request to Send 20 DTR CD 108.2 [-->]Data Terminal Ready 21 RL RL 140 [-->]Remote Loop Control 22 RI CE 125 [<--]Ring Indicator 23 DSR CH 111 [-->]Data Signal Rate Selector 24 XCK DA 113 [-->]Transmit Signal Element Timing 25 TI TM 142 [<--]Test Indicator Note: Direction is DTE (Computer) relative DCE (Modem). Note: RS232 column is RS232 circuit name. Note: ITU-T column is ITU-TSS V.24 circuit name. Note: Do not connect SHIELD(1) to GND(7). start bit requires gate senses falling edge during clock high. stop bit set to detect a rising edge. Usually customer has option of setting the lower 3 address bits externally. But this requires pins. ViH_min = 3V ViL_max = 1.5 at 5VCC min low time = 4.17uS min high time is 4us start data high = bus free max bus cap 400pf = 100kbits/sec less tan 10k ohms http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/index.html flow control stop sending data When buffer at "high water mark" resume at "low water mark" escape sequence ("escape code") (ASCII 27) from DEC vt100 video terminal perform special function , Hayes modem uses "+++" Device Control four ASCII characters, DC1, DC2, DC3, and DC4, once used to remotely control equipment paired,DC1/DC3 turning one device on/off,DC2/DC4 another null modem RS-232 cable, for two computers directly both computers transmit pin three and recieve pin two, It also needs male connectors at both ends to spec . TXD:Transmit data RXD:Receive data RTS:Request to send (Pc sets this when ready to send ) CTS:Clear to send (modem ready to transmit ) DTR:Data terminalready (PC tells modem ready to send ) DSR:Data set ready (modem tells PC ready to transmit) CD:Carrier detect (modem sets this when detects PC) DTE:Data Terminal Equipment (terminal) DCE:Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (modem,computer) _______ ___ _______ ___ ___ | S | D | D | D D | D D D | D | P | T |___| |___| |___________| |___| LSB MSB S=startBit D=data P=ParityBit 1=StopBit T=1/Baud 9600Baud=104.2us _________ RS232C DB25 Male | | \ \ |13_| \ \ | ()_) _\ \ 13 Clear2 Send2 |12_|()_)|25 | 25 Test Mode | ()_) _ | | 12 SignalDetect2 |11_|()_)|24 | 24 DTE source | ()_) _ | | |10_|()_)|23 | 23 Data signal Rate | ()_) _ | | | _|()_)|22 | 22 Ring Indicator |9()_) | | | _|()_)|21 | 21 Remote loop back |8()_) _ | | 8 CD CarrierDetect CD or DCD | _|()_)|20 | 20 DTR Data Termin ready DTE or DTR |7()_) _ | | 7 GND Signal Gnd | _|()_)|19 | 19 Request to Send2 |6()_) | | 6 DSR Dataset Ready MAC =5V | _|()_)|18 | 18 Local loop back |5()_) _ | | 5 CTS Clear to Send | _|()_)|17 | 17 DCE source(rec signtiming) |4()_) _ | | 4 Request2 Send | _|()_)|16 | 16 Receive Data2 |3()_) | | 3 RXD Receive Data | _|()_)|15 | 15 DCE source(xtm sig timing) |2()_) _ | | 2 Transmit Data | _|()_)|14 | 14 TXD Transmit Data2 |1()_) / / 1 GND Shield GND | | / / |___|_/___/ _________ RS232C DB25 FeMale | \ \ | \ \ |1() \ \ 1 GND Shield | () |14 | 14 RXD Receive Data2 ->TXD |2() | | 2 Receive Data | () |15 | 15 DCE source(xtm sig timing |3() | | 3 TXD Transmit Data ->RXD | () |16 | 16 Transmit Data2 |4() | | 4 CTS Clear to Send | () |17 | 17 DCE source(rec sign timing |5() | | 5 RTS Request2 Send | () |18 | 18 Local loop back |6() | | 6 Dataset Ready | () |19 | 19 Clear to Send2 |7() | | 7 GND Signal Gnd | () |20 | 20 DTE Rdy (Data Termin Equip) |8() | | 8 Receive Line Signal Detect | () |21 | 21 Remote loop back |9() | | | () |22 | 22 Ring Indicator | () | | |10 () |23 | 23 Data signal Rate | () | | |11 () |24 | 24 DTE source | () | | 12 SignalDetect2 |12 () |25 | 25 Test Mode | () / / 13 Request2Send2 |13 / / |_____/___/ RTS: Request to send CTS: Clear to send DTR: Data terminalready compsets high = ready to transmit DSR: Data set ready modem sets high = ready DCD: Data Carrier detect modem sets high = detect a carrier _________ Mac_2_RS232_printer | | \ \ |13_| \ \ | ()_) _\ \ |12_|()_)|25 | | ()_) _ | | |11_|()_)|24 | | ()_) _ | | |10_|()_)|23 | | ()_) _ | | | _|()_)|22 | |9()_) | | | _|()_)|21 | |8()_) _ | | | _|()_)|20 | |7()_) _ | | 7 Signal Gnd | _|()_)|19 | |6()_) | | 6 DSR MAC =5V | _|()_)|18 | |5()_) _ | | | _|()_)|17 | |4()_) _ | | | _|()_)|16 | |3()_) | | 3 Receive Data | _|()_)|15 | |2()_) _ | | 2 Transmit Data | _|()_)|14 | |1()_) / / 1 Shield GND | | / / |___|_/___/ _________ | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 TXD ->RXD | _|()_)|9 | 9 RXD ->TXD |4()_) _ | | | _|()_)|8 | 9 -> p8 |3()_) _ | | 3 GND | _|()_)|7 | 7 -> p7 |2()_) _ | | 2 +5V | _|()_)|6 | 6 +12 DTR -> p8 |1()_) / / | | / / |___|_/___/ DTE DCE TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| RTS ___ ____ RTS | | CTS___/|\__| __ CTS |_____| GND _____________ GND Mac_2_Modem _________ | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 TXD ->RXD | _|()_)|9 | 9 RXD ->TXD |4()_) _ | | | _|()_)|8 | 9 -> p8 |3()_) _ | | 3 GND | _|()_)|7 | 7 -> p7 |2()_) _ | | 2 +5V | _|()_)|6 | 6 +12 DTR -> p8 |1()_) / / | | / / |___|_/___/ _________ | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 TXD ->RXD | _|()_)|9 | 9 RXD ->TXD |4()_) _ | | | _|()_)|8 | 9 -> p8 |3()_) _ | | 3 GND | _|()_)|7 | 7 -> p7 |2()_) _ | | 2 +5V | _|()_)|6 | 6 +12 DTR -> p8 |1()_) / / | | / / |___|_/___/ RS232_Reversal TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| DTR ____________ DTR RTS ___ | CTS____|________ DCD DCD ___ ____ RTS | | DSR___/|\__| __ DSR |_____| RTS: Request to send CTS: Clear to send DTR: Data terminalready DSR: Data set ready _________ RS232C DB9 Male | | \ \ | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 GND Signal Gnd | _|()_)|9 | 9 Ring Indicator |4()_) _ | | 4 DTE | _|()_)|8 | 8 CTS Clear to Send |3()_) | | 3 TXD Transmit Data | _|()_)|7 | 7 RTS Request to Send |2()_) _ | | 2 RXD Receive Data | _|()_)|6 | 6 DCE Ready |1()_) / / 1 CD Carrier signal detect | | / / |___|_/___/ ________ | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale | \ \ |1() \ \ 1 CD | ()6 | | 6 DSR |2() | | 2 RXD | ()7 | | 7 RTS |3() | | 3 TXD | ()8 | | 8 CTS |4() | | 4 DTR | ()9 | | 9 Ring Indicator |5() / / 5 Gnd signal Gnd | / / |_____/__/ Gender_Change ________ | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale | \ \ |1() \ \ 1 CD | ()6 | | 6 DSR |2() | | 2 RXD | ()7 | | 7 RTS |3() | | 3 TXD | ()8 | | 8 CTS |4() | | 4 DTR | ()9 | | 9 Ring Indicator |5() / / 5 Gnd signal Gnd | / / |_____/__/ ________ | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale | \ \ |1() \ \ 1 CD | ()6 | | 6 DSR |2() | | 2 RXD | ()7 | | 7 RTS |3() | | 3 TXD | ()8 | | 8 CTS |4() | | 4 DTR | ()9 | | 9 Ring Indicator |5() / / 5 Gnd signal Gnd | / / |_____/__/ ________ COPS | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale port | \ \ |1() \ \ | ()6 | | |2() | | 2 RXD | ()7 | | 7 RTS |3() | | 3 TXD | ()8 | | 8 CTS |4() | | | ()9 | | |5() / / 5 Signal Gnd | / / |_____/__/ ________ CABLE_COPS | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale | \ \ |1() \ \ 1 CD | ()6 | | 6 DSR |2() | | 2 RXD | ()7 | | 7 RTS |3() | | 3 TXD | ()8 | | 8 CTS |4() | | 4 DTR | ()9 | | 9 Ring Indicator |5() / / 5 Gnd | / / |_____/__/ _________ | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 Signal Gnd | _|()_)|9 | 9 Ring Indicator |4()_) _ | | 4 DTE Rdy | _|()_)|8 | 8 Clear to Send |3()_) | | 3 Transmit Data | _|()_)|7 | 7 Request to Send |2()_) _ | | 2 Receive Data | _|()_)|6 | 6 DCE Ready |1()_) / / 1 Receive Line | | / / Signal Detect |___|_/___/ ________ CABLE1_mac | \ \ RS232C DB9 FeMale | \ \ |1() \ \ | ()6 | | |2() | | 2 is open | ()7 | | |3() | | | ()8 | | |4() | | | ()9 | | |5() / / | / / |_____/__/ ____ ____ / V \ Male / 4 0 8 \ / \ | 5 1,3 9 | | | \_ 6 7 _/ |_______| _________ CABLE2_mac | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 Signal Gnd | _|()_)|9 | 9 Ring Indicator |4()_) _ | | 4 DTE Rdy | _|()_)|8 | 8 Clear to Send |3()_) _ | | 3 Transmit Data | _|()_)|7 | 7 Request to Send |2()_) _ | | 2 Receive Data | _|()_)|6 | 6 DCE Ready |1()_) / / 1 Receive Line | | / / |___|_/___/ ____ ____ / V \ Male / 8 7 4 \ / gnd \ | 9 1gnd 5 | | tx rx | \_ 7 6 _/ |_______| rts cts _________ RS232C DB9 Male | | \ \ | _| \ \ |5()_) _\ \ 5 Signal Gnd | _|()_)|9 | 9 Ring Indicator |4()_) _ | | 4 DTE Rdy | _|()_)|8 | 8 Clear to Send |3()_) _ | | 3 Transmit Data | _|()_)|7 | 7 Request to Send |2()_) _ | | 2 Receive Data | _|()_)|6 | 6 DCE Ready |1()_) / / 1 Receive Line | | / / |___|_/___/ ____ ____ / V \ FeMale / 0 - 5 \ / \ | 7 1 5 | | | \_ 3 2 _/ |_______| Blue Orange Red Yellow ____ ____ / V \ Male / R _ 5 \ / | | \ | O |_| B | | | \_ Y 2 _/ |_______| HX20_2_RS232-------------------------- _________ / _ TXD \ Cable _/ 2()_) _ \ CTS 5()_) _ 4()_) \ RTS _| ()_) _ | RXD 3()_) 6 1()_) | GND \_ DSR _ / DCD 8()_) 7()_) / DTR \________/ T? = Transmit? = DTR H! = Hold! = CTS shorted to RTS _________ | | \ \ RS232C DB9 Male | _| \ \ TXD->RXD |5()_) _\ \ | _|()_)|9 | RXD->TXD |4()_) _ | | | _|()_)|8 | GND |3()_) _ | | | _|()_)|7 | T? -> H! +5V |2()_) _ | | | _|()_)|6 | H! -> T? |1()_) / / | | / / |___|_/___/ TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| DTR ____________ DTR RTS ___ | CTS____|________ DCD DCD ___ ____ RTS | | DSR___/|\__| __ DSR |_____| RTS: Request to send CTS: Clear to send DTR: Data terminalready DSR: Data set ready _________ HX20 port / TXD \ HX20_2_RS232 / 2() \ RTS /4() 5()\ CTS | () | GND |1() 6 3()| RXD \ DSR / DTR \ 7() 8() /DCD \____^____/ Request to send RTS: high trans, high or low receive Clear to send CTS: must be high to trans.. norm = don't care Data terminalready DTR: must be high to tramsmit Data set ready DSR: Send out when ready to transmit Data Carrier detect DCD: High all the time HX20 port _________ / _ TXD \ ->p3_d25_RXD _/ 2()_) _ \ CTS->p8_d25_DCD 5()_) _ 4()_) \ RTS ->p8_d25_DCD _| ()_) _ | RXD->p2_d25_TXD 3()_) 6 1()_) | GND ->p7_d25_GND \_ DSR _ / DCD->p6_d25_DSR 8()_) ^ 7()_) /DTR ->p20_d25_DTR \_|______/ CTS shorted to RTS |__ ->p4_d25_RTS D-type connector so named because one side is shorter (with one less pin) (squarish) "D" shape.25-way(13+12 pins) a9-way(5+4 pins) UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter a transmitter (parallel-to-serial converter) a receiver each clocked separately. parallel side of a UART isconnected to bus of computer. computer writes to UART's transmit data register (TDR), UART start transmit on the serial line. UART's status register flag bit if ready for another byte. Another status register bit says UART has received a byte computer read it from receive data register (RDR). If another byte received before previous one read, UART signal an "overrun" error via another status bit. The UART set up to interrupt the computer format the UART by the UART's control register incorrectly formated signal "framing/"parity error". Often the clock will run at 16 times the baud rate to read each bit in middle of its allotted time period makes the UART more tolerant to "jitter" stop bit extra "1" bits which follow the data and any parity bit. mark end of a byte or character). start bit signals the start of transmission oon a serial line zero-one transition tells receiver when to start sampling the signal to extract the data bits. synchronous Two or more processes common timing signals. asynchronous Not synchronised by shared clock , execution independently loser An unexpectedly bad situation, program,programmer Someone who habitually loses. (Even winners can lose ) Someone who knows not and knows not that he knows not. Emphatic forms real loser,total loser,complete loser" (not "moby loser", which is a contradiction in terms). RS-232C The EIA RS-232C electrical signal unbalanced +/- 5 to +/- 12V, polar non return to zero speeds up to 19.2 kilobits per second. DTE Data Terminal Equipment controls communication channel (terminals, computers) DCE Data Communication Equipment ...typically a modem IF "straight-through" cable (p1 to p1, p2 to p2 etc.) DTE should a male connector + trans on p3 and rece p2. gender mender gender bender,gender blender,sex changer,homosexualadaptor two male/female connectors used to correct mismatch RS-232 Originally DCE was modem and DTE was computer/terminal DCE RS-232 have female connector and tran p2 and rec p3 DTE RS-232 have male connector and tran p3 and rec p2 http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/ foldoc.cgi?hardware+handshaking TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| GND _____________ GND DTE DCE DTE: Data Terminal Equipment (terminal) DCE: Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (modem,computer) RS232C Max 20Kbps @ 15meters unbalanced Logic_0 "space" Vout +3V -> +15B Logic_1 "mark" Vout -3V -> -15V RS422 twisted pair balanced 10Mbps @ 12 meters .1Mbps@1.2Km _______ ___ _______ ___ ___ | S | D | D | D D | D D D | D | P | T |___| |___| |___________| |___| LSB MSB S=startBit D=data P=ParityBit 1=StopBit T=1/Baud 9600Baud=104.2us DTE Rdy Trans Recv Sig Det _ ___ _______ ___ _________ | ST| D0| D1| D2 D2| D4 D5 D6| D7| P | SB| : |___| |___| |___________| |___| | LSB MSB startBit ST data D ParityBit P StopBit 1 T 1/Baud 9600Baud= 104.2us Software Handshake XON and XOFF Hardware DTE DCE TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| RTS ___ ____ RTS | | CTS___/|\__| __ CTS |_____| GND _____________ GND RTS: Request to send CTS: Clear to send DTR: Data terminalready compu sets space_Hi so printer recev DSR: Data set ready printer sets space_Hi to receive DCD: Data carrier detect must space_Hi for printer to receiv n=0 is Speaker always off, n=0 is Speaker always on, n=1 is Speaker on until carrier detected (default) n=3 is Speaker on after dial through CONNECT O Return to on-line state P Pulse Dial Qn n=0 is send Resun Codes, n-1 is do not send code R Reverse mode (Originate Only) S0=n n=0 to 255 rings before answer (sees switch 5) S1=n n=0 to 127, count rings S2=n n=0 to 127, 43 default , Set escape code character S3=n n=0 to 127, 13 default , Set cr character S4=n n=0 to 127, 10 default, Set Line Feed character S5=n n=0 to 127, 8 default, Set Backspace character S6=n n=2 to 255, Wait for dial tone seconds S7=n n=2 to 255, Wait carrier detect seconds S8=n n=0 to 255, Set duration pause seconds S9=n Carrier detect response time seconds/10 S1O=n Delay time carrier loss to hang-up 1/10sec. Sll=n Duration a ndspace of Touch Tones ( 50ms to 255ms) S12=n Escape code guard time 1-255 1/10 sec S13=n UART status bit map (reserved) S14-n Option Register, product code returned by AT10 S15=n Flag Register(reserved) S16=n Self test mod€. n=O is data mode (default), n-1 is Analog Loopback, n=2 is dial test n=4 is Test Pattern, n=5 is Analog Loopback and Test Pattern. Sn? Send contents of Register n (0 to 16) to Computer T Touch Tone Dial Vn n-O is send resun€u€eo€d€d€B€€-1 is wMds Xn n-B send basic result code 1 to 8 send extended resun codes B to 12 Z Somvare reset and reset to defaun values Hardware DTE DCE TX ____ ____ TX | | RV ___/|\__| __ RV |_____| RTS ___ ____ RTS ??????????? | | CTS___/|\__| __ CTS |_____| DTR ___ ____ DTR | | DSR___/|\__| __ DSR |_____| GND _____________ GND RTS: Request to send CTS: Clear to send DTR: Data terminalready DSR: Data set ready TXD: Transmit data RXD: Receive data RTS: Request to send (Pc sets this when ready to send ) CTS: Clear to send (modem ready to transmit ) DTR: Data terminalready (PC tells modem ready to send ) DSR: Data set ready (modem tells PC ready to transmit) CD: Carrier detect (modem sets this when detects PC) DTE: Data Terminal Equipment (terminal) DCE: Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (modem,computer) Half_dulplex data sent only in one direction at a time Full_dulplex data sent in both directions at a time Synchronous transmit data in blocks using sync characters 1baud one audio signal transitions per second FSK: Frequency_shift_Keying logic_0 = 1080Hz Logic_1 = 1750Hz 1baud =1bps PSK: Phase_shift_Keying logic_1/0 set by alternating carrier phase more bits per baud since phases are 0,90,180,270 QAM: Quadrature)_amplitude_modulation Both phase and frequency 1.7KHz or1.8Khz @ 2400baud only 4 bits usable per baud TCM: TCQAM or Trellic_coded quadrature_amplitude_modulation 6bits per baud. 14,400 bps modems use this CCITT V.XX Standards Consultative Committee InternalTelepho&Telegraph V.22 synch/asynch ,full duplex,2 wires, 1200bpsdata V.22bis synch/asynch ,full duplex,2 wires, 2400/1200bpsdata V.32 synch/asynch ,full duplex,2 wires, 9600bpsdata V.32bis synchs/asynch,full dupx,2wires,4.8K,7.2K,9.6K,12K,14.4Kbps V.34bis synchs/asynch,full dupx,2wires,28.8Kbps,speed<=line noise V.35 synchs/asynch ,full duplex,2 wires Bell stand : 0.3K,1.2K,2.4K,4.8Kbps TXD: Transmit data RXD: Receive data RTS: Request to send (Pc sets high when ready to send ) CTS: Clear to send (modem ready to transmit ) DTR: Data terminalready (PC tells modem ready to send ) DSR: Data set ready (modem tells PC ready to transmit) CD: Carrier detect (modem sets this when detects PC) DTE: Data Terminal Equipment (terminal) DCE: Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (modem,computer) ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange US-ASCII uses lower seven bits (character points 0 to 127) NUL Null DLE Data Link Escape SOH StartHeading DC1 Device Control 1 STX Start Text DC2 Device Control 2 ETX End Text DC3 Device Control 3 EOT End Trans DC4 Device Control 4 ENQ Enquiry EM End of Medium ACK Acknowledge SUB Substitute BEL Bell ESC Escape BS BackSpace FS File Separator HT Horizontal Tab GS Group Separator LF Line Feed RS Recorder Separator VT Vertical Tab US Unit Separator FF Form Feed DEL Delete CR Carriage Return SO Shift Out SI Shift In NAK Negative Ackno SYN Synch s Idle ETB End Trans Block CAN Cancel Give me a break! the canonical humorous response is "Control C". SOH Null ASCII_0 SOH Start Of Header ASCII_1 STX Start Of Text ASCII_2 ETX End Of Text ASCII_3 control-C Unix_interrupt EOT End Of Transmis ASCII_4 ENQ ENQuire. ASCII_5 ACK ACKnowledge ASCII_6 BEL sound bell ASCII_7 BS Backspace ASCII_8 HT tab ASCII_9 Control-I Unix => "\t" LF line feed ASCII_10 control-J Unix => "\n" VT Vertical Tab ASCII_11 FF form feed ASCII_12 Control-L CR CursReturn2Left ASCII_13 Control-M Unix => "\r" SO ShiftOut AltChars ASCII_14 Control-N SI ShiftIn AltChars ASCII_15 Control-O DLE Data Link Escape ASCII_16 DC1 resume output ASCII_17 control-Q XON DeviceControl1 DC2 DeviceControl2 ASCII_18 DC3 suspend output ASCII_19 control-S XOFF DeviceControl3 DC4 DeviceControl4 ASCII_20 NAK Neg Acknowledge ASCII_21 SYN Synchronous idle ASCII_22 ETB End Transm Block ASCII_23 CAN Cancel ASCII_24 Control-X EM End of Medium ASCII_25 SUB Substitute ASCII_26 ESC escape ASCII_27 ESCAPE FS File Separator ASCII_28 GS Group Separator ASCII_29 RS Record Separator ASCII_30 US Unit Separator ASCII_31 Hex Dec Char Hex Dec Char Hex Dec Char Hex Dec Char 00 00 NUL 20 32 space 40 64 @ 60 96 ` 01 01 SOH 21 33 ! 41 65 A 61 97 a 02 02 STX 22 34 " 42 66 B 62 98 b 03 03 ETX 23 35 # 43 67 C 63 99 c 04 04 EOT 24 36 $ 44 68 D 64 100 d 05 05 ENQ 25 37 % 45 69 E 65 101 e 06 06 ACK 26 38 & 46 70 F 66 102 f 07 07 EEL 27 39 ' 47 71 G 67 103 g 08 08 BS 28 40 ) 48 72 H 68 104 h 09 09 HT 29 41 ( 49 73 I 69 105 i GA 10 L 2A 42 * 4A 74 J 6A 106 j OB 11 VT 2B 43 + 4B 75 K 6B 107 k GC 12 FF 2C 44 , 4C 76 L 6C 108 I OD 13 CR 2D 45 - 4D 77 M 60 109 m GE 14 SO 2E 46 . 4E 78 N 6E 110 n OF 15 SI 2F 47 / 4F 79 O 6F 111 o 10 16 DLE 30 48 0 50 80 P 70 112 p 11 17 DC1 31 49 1 51 81 Q 71 113 q 12 18 DC2 32 50 2 52 82 R 72 114 r 13 19 DC3 33 51 3 53 83 S 73 115 s 14 20 DC4 34 52 4 54 84 T 74 116 t 15 21 NAK 35 53 5 55 85 U 75 117 u 16 22 SYN 36 54 6 56 86 V 76 118 v 17 23 ETB 37 55 7 57 87 W 77 119 w 18 24 CAN 38 56 8 58 88 X 78 120 x 19 25 EM 39 57 9 59 89 Y 79 121 y 1A 26 SUB 3A 58 : 5A 90 Z 7A 122 z 1E 27 ESC 3B 59 ; 5B 91 [ 7B 123 { 1C 28 FS 3C 60 < 5C 92 \ 7C 124 | 1D 29 GS 3D 61 = 5D 93 ] 70 125 } 1E 30 RS 3E 62 > 5E 94 ^ 7E 126 ~ 1F 31 US 3F 63 ? 5F 95 _ 7F 127 DE RS422 BALANCED DIFFERENTIAL DRIVERS Electronics Industry Association (EIA) has produced standards for RS485, RS422, RS232, and RS423 that deal with data communications. Compatibility With Other Interfaces Both RS-422 and RS-485 use a twisted-pair wire (i.e. 2 wires) for each signal. They both use the same differential drive with identical voltage swings: 0 to +5V. The main difference between RS-422 and RS-485 is that while RS-422 is strictly for point-to-point communications (and the driver is always enabled), RS-485 can be used for multidrop systems (and the driver has a tri-state capability). SPECIFICATIONS RS423 RS422 Mode of Operation SINGLE - ENDED DIFFERENTIAL Total Number of Drivers and Receivers on One Line 1 DRIVER 1 DRIVER 10 RECVR 10 RECVR Maximum Cable Length 4000 FT. 4000 FT. Maximum Data Rate 100kb/s 10Mb/s Maximum Driver Output Voltage +/-6V -0.25V to +6V Driver Output Signal Level (Loaded Min.) Loaded +/-3.6V +/-2.0V Driver Output Signal Level (Unloaded Max) Unloaded +/-6V +/-6V Driver Load Impedance (Ohms) >450 100 Max. Driver Current in High Z State Power On N/A N/A Max. Driver Current in High Z State Power Off +/-100uA +/-100uA Slew Rate (Max.) Adjustable N/A Receiver Input Voltage Range +/-12V -10V to +10V Receiver Input Sensitivity +/-200mV +/-200mV Receiver Input Resistance (Ohms) 4k min. 4k min. Characteristic Impedance (Ohms): A value based on the inherent conductance, resistance, capacitance and inductance of a cable that represents the impedance of an infinitely long cable. When the cable is out to any length and terminated with this Characteristic Impedance, measurements of the cable will be identical to values obtained from the infinite length cable. That is to say that the termination of the cable with this impedance gives the cable the appearance of being infinite length, allowing no reflections of the transmitted signal. If termination is required in a system, the termination impedance value should match the Characteristic Impedance of the cable. Shunt Capacitance (pF/ft): The amount of equivalent capacitive load of the cable, typically listed in a per foot basis One of the factors limiting total cable length is the capacitive load. Systems with long lengths benefits from using low capacitance cable. Propagation velocity (% of c): The speed at which an electrical signal travels in the cable. The value given typically must be multiplied by the speed of light (c) to obtain units of meters per second. For example, a cable that lists a propagation velocity of 78% gives a velocity of 0.78 X 300 X 106 - 234 X 106 meters per second. Plenum cable Plenum rated cable is fire resistant and less toxic when burning than non-plenum rated cable. Check building and fire codes for requirements. Plenum cable is generally more expensive due to the sheathing material used. The RS-422 specification recommends 24AWG twisted pair cable with a shunt capacitance of 16 pF per foot and 100 ohm characteristic impedance. While the RS-485 specification does not specify cabling, these recommendations should be used for RS485 systems as well. It can be difficult to quantity whether shielding is required in a particular system or not, until problems arise. We recommend erring on the safe side and using shielded cable. Shielded cable is only slightly more expensive than unshielded. There are many cables available meeting the recommendations of RS-422 and RS-485, made specifically for that application. Another choice is the same cable commonly used in the misted pair Ethernet cabling. This cable, commonly referred to as Category 5 cable, is defined by the ElA/TIA/ANSI 568 specification The extremely high volume of Category 5 cable used makes it widely available and very inexpensive, often less than half the price of specialty RS422/485 cabling. The cable has a maximum capacitance of 17 pF/ft (14.5 pF typical) and characteristic impedance of 100 ohms. Category 5 cable is available as shielded twisted pair (STP) as well as unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and generally exceeds the recommendations for RS-422 making it an excellent choice for RS-422 and RS-485 systems. ======================PROTOCOLS_GPIB============================== IFC Interface Clear controller initialize all devices REN Remote Enable controller enables remote control ATN Attention controller placing addr or control NRFD Not ready for data listener holds down until ready NDAC Not Data Accepted listener holds down until has data DAV Data valid Talker holds down says data here DIOX DIO1_lsb ->DIO8_m Talker supplies data EOI End of Identify Talker says last data SRQ Service request any device can interrupt GPIB 1 controller 15 devices @ 500kbps 20m Max distance or number of devices*2meters 00 Command Address 20 Listen Address 40 Talk Address 60 Second Address LF 10 terminate CR LF X 88 CR 12 Number Talk Listen 0 @ space 1 A_65 !_33 2 B " 3 C # : : : : : : 31 _ ? <= untalk bus is TTL active low ( open collector ) 5V at 7mA 0 = false > 2.0v ^ 5V 1 = true < 0.8V /_\ ___/\ __| ___ | \/ 3.1K | |___| |\ |___| |___________________| \/\____ | | /\/ |___/\ ____ |/ \/ _|_ 6.2K /// _ | |__________________________________________ ATN : ________ ________ : TRI STAT | | | | : ..........| D1->D8 |.........| D1->D8 |... . DATA : .-->|________| .-->|________| : : : ^ : : ^ : __:______v :_____:______v :____ : | : | | : | | DAV : ___| : |_____| : |_____| : ^ : : ^ : : ^ : : :________v : :________v : : : | | : | | : | NRFD : __:__| |___:_____| |___:_____| : ^ : : ^ : : ^ ___ If both : :___: : :___: | low -->| | -->| | NDAC |_____v_______________| |______________| |___ _____________ GPIB Male | | \ \ | | _____ \ \ DIO1 | 1(| |)_)|13 | DIO5 | | | |_| | | DIO2 | 2(| |)_)|14 | DIO6 | | | |_| | | DIO3 | 3(| |)_)|15 | DIO7 | | | |_| | | DIO4 | 4(| |)_)|16 | DIO8 | | | |_| | | EOI | 5(| |)_)|17 | REN | | | |_| | | DAV | 6(| |)_)|18 | GND | | | |_| | | NRFD | 7(| |)_)|19 | GND | | | |_| | | NDAC | 8(| |)_)|20 | GND | | | |_| | | IFC | 9(| |)_)|21 | GND | | | |_| | | SQ |10(| |)_)|22 | GND | | | |_| | | ATN |11(| |)_)|23 | GND | | | |_| | | GND |12(| |)_)|24 | GND Logic | | |__|_| | | | | / / |_|______/___/ _____________ GPIB Female | \ \ | _____ \ \ | | _| | | | GND |12|)_) (|24| | GND Logic | | _| | | | ATN |11|)_) (|23| | GND | | _| | | | SQ |10|)_) (|22| | GND | | _| | | | IFC | 9|)_) (|21| | GND | | _| | | | NDAC | 8|)_) (|20| | GND | | _| | | | NRFD | 7|)_) (|19| | GND | | _| | | | DAV | 6|)_) (|18| | GND | | _| | | | EOI | 5|)_) (|17| | REN | | _| | | | DIO4 | 4|)_) (|16| | DIO8 | | _| | | | DIO3 | 3|)_) (|15| | DIO7 | | _| | | | DIO2 | 2|)_) (|14| | DIO6 | | _| | | | DIO1 | 1|)_) (|13| | DIO5 | |__|__| / / | / / |_________/___/ GPIB I/0 INTERFACE (IEEE-488) HPIB/GPIB/IEEE-488 standard Up to 15 devices. GPIB 24 Line Bus Pin Signal Number Description Function 1 DATA 1/O 1 Dateline 1/O bus 2 DATA 1/O 2 Dateline 1/O bus 3 DATA 1/O 3 Data line 1/O bus 4 DATA 1/O 4 Data line 1/O bus 5 EIO End or identity 6 DAV Dalavalid 7 NRFD Not Ready For Data 8 NDAC Data Not Accepted 9 SRQ Service Request 10 IFC InterfaceClear 11 ATN Attention 12 Shield or wire ground 13 DATA 1/O 5 Data line 1/O bus 14 DATA 1/O 6 Data line 1/O bus 15 DATA 1/O 7 Data line 1/O bus 16 DATA 1/O 8 Data line 1/O bus 17 REN Remote Enable 18 Ground Ground 19 Ground Ground 20 Ground Ground 21 Ground Ground 22 Ground Ground 23 Ground Ground 29 Logic Ground Logic Ground Devices can be set up in star, linear or other combinations using male/female stackable connectors. ======================PROTOCOLS_SCSI============================================ Apple SCSI HDI-30 30 PIN UNKNOWN CONNECTOR Pin Name Dir Description 1 n/c Reserved for SCSI disk mode. 2 /DB0 [<->] Bit 0 of SCSI data bus 3 GND [---] Ground 4 /DB1 [<->] Bit 1 of SCSI data bus 5 TPWR [<->] Termination power 6 /DB2 [<->] Bit 2 of SCSI data bus 7 /DB3 [<->] Bit 3 of SCSI data bus 8 GND [---] Ground 9 /ACKS [<--] Handshake signal. When low acknowledges a request for data transfer 10 GND [---] Ground 11 /DB4 [<->] Bit 4 of SCSI data bus 12 GND [---] Ground 13 GND [---] Ground 14 /DB5 [<->] Bit 5 of SCSI data bus 15 GND [---] Ground 16 /DB6 [<->] Bit 6 of SCSI data bus 17 GND [---] Ground 18 /DB7 [<->] Bit 7 of SCSI data bus 19 /DBP [<->] SCSI data bus parity bit 20 GND [---] Ground 21 /REQ [-->] Request for a data transfer 22 GND [---] Ground 23 /BSY [<->] When active (low) indicates that SCSI data bus is busy 24 GND [---] Ground 25 /ATN [<--] When active (low) indicates an attention condition 26 /C/D [-->] When active (low) indicates that data is on SCSI bus. When high, indicates that control signals are on the bus 27 /RST [<->] SCSI bus reset 28 /MSG [-->] Indicates the message phase 29 /SEL [<->] SCSI select 30 /I/O [-->] Controls direction of data output. When high, data is input author: Tomi Engdahl SCSI Background It all started back in 1979 when the diskdrive manufacturer come with the bright idea to make a new transfer protocol. The protocol was named Shugart Associates Systems Interface, SASI. This protocol wasn't an ANSI standard, so NCR join Shugart and the ANSI committee X3T9.2 was formed. The new name for the protocol was, Small Computer Systems Interface, SCSI. Common Command Set, CCS, was added in 1985. ANSI finished the SCSI standard in 1986. SCSI-II devices was released in 1988 and was an official standard in 1994. SCSI-III is currently not yet official. Usage SCSI is used to connect peripherals to an computer. It allows you to connect harddisks, tape devices, CD-ROMs, CD-R units, DVD, scanners, printers and many other devices. SCSI is in opposite to IDE/ATA very flexible. Today SCSI is most often used servers and other computers which require very good performance. IDE/ATA is more popular due to the fact that IDE/ATA devices tend to be cheaper. Definitions SCSI Short for Small Computer Systems Interface. The original CSI protocol. ANSI standard X3.131-1996. Busspeed 5 MHz. Datawidth 8 bits. SCSI-II adds support for CD-ROM's, scanners /tapedrives. ----------------------PROTOCOLS_SCSI---------------------- Apple SCSI HDI-30 30 PIN UNKNOWN CONNECTOR Pin Name Dir Description 1 n/c Reserved for SCSI disk mode. 2 /DB0 [<->] Bit 0 of SCSI data bus 3 GND [---] Ground 4 /DB1 [<->] Bit 1 of SCSI data bus 5 TPWR [<->] Termination power 6 /DB2 [<->] Bit 2 of SCSI data bus 7 /DB3 [<->] Bit 3 of SCSI data bus 8 GND [---] Ground 9 /ACKS [<--] Handshake signal. When low acknowledges a request for data transfer 10 GND [---] Ground 11 /DB4 [<->] Bit 4 of SCSI data bus 12 GND [---] Ground 13 GND [---] Ground 14 /DB5 [<->] Bit 5 of SCSI data bus 15 GND [---] Ground 16 /DB6 [<->] Bit 6 of SCSI data bus 17 GND [---] Ground 18 /DB7 [<->] Bit 7 of SCSI data bus 19 /DBP [<->] SCSI data bus parity bit 20 GND [---] Ground 21 /REQ [-->] Request for a data transfer 22 GND [---] Ground 23 /BSY [<->] When active (low) indicates that SCSI data bus is busy 24 GND [---] Ground 25 /ATN [<--] When active (low) indicates an attention condition 26 /C/D [-->] When active (low) indicates that data is on SCSI bus. When high, indicates that control signals are on the bus 27 /RST [<->] SCSI bus reset 28 /MSG [-->] Indicates the message phase 29 /SEL [<->] SCSI select 30 /I/O [-->] Controls direction of data output. When high, data is input author: Tomi Engdahl SCSI Background It all started back in 1979 when the diskdrive manufacturer come with the bright idea to make a new transfer protocol. The protocol was named Shugart Associates Systems Interface, SASI. This protocol wasn't an ANSI standard, so NCR join Shugart and the ANSI committee X3T9.2 was formed. The new name for the protocol was, Small Computer Systems Interface, SCSI. Common Command Set, CCS, was added in 1985. ANSI finished the SCSI standard in 1986. SCSI-II devices was released in 1988 and was an official standard in 1994. SCSI-III is currently not yet official. Usage SCSI is used to connect peripherals to an computer. It allows you to connect harddisks, tape devices, CD-ROMs, CD-R units, DVD, scanners, printers and many other devices. SCSI is in opposite to IDE/ATA very flexible. Today SCSI is most often used servers and other computers which require very good performance. IDE/ATA is more popular due to the fact that IDE/ATA devices tend to be cheaper. Definitions SCSI Short for Small Computer Systems Interface. The original CSI protocol. ANSI standard X3.131-1996. Busspeed 5 MHz. Datawidth 8 bits. SCSI-II adds support for CD-ROM's, scanners /tapedrives. SCSI Pronounced "scuzzy," small computer system interface is a method of adding additional devices, such as hard drives or scanners, to the computer. AGP Accelerated Graphics Port high-speed connection used by graphics card to interface with the computer. Sound card - used by the computer to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital information Graphics card translates image data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor. No matter how powerful components inside your computer are, you need a way to interact with them. This interaction is called input/output (I/O). The most common types of I/O in PCs are: Monitor monitor is primary device for displaying information Keyboard - keyboard is the primary device for entering information into the computer. Mouse mouse is the primary device for navigating and interacting with computer Removable storage Removable-storage devices allow you to add new information to your computer very easily, as well as save information that you want to carry to different location. Floppy disk most common form of removable storage, floppy disks are extremely inexpensive and easy to save information to. CD-ROM CD-ROM (compact disc, read-only memory) a popular form of distribution of commercial software. Many systems now offer CD-R (recordable) and CD-RW (rewritable), can also record. Flash memory Based on a type of ROM called electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory provides fast, permanent storage. CompactFlash, SmartMedia and PCMCIA cards are all types of Flash memory. DVD-ROM DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc, read-only memory) is similar to CD-ROM but is capable of holding much more information. Ports Parallel port is commonly used to connect a printer. Serial port is typically used to connect an external modem. Universal Serial Bus (USB) - Quickly becoming the most popular external connection, USB ports offer power and versatility and are incredibly easy to use. Firewire (IEEE 1394) Firewire is a very popular method of connecting digital-video devices, such as camcorders or digital cameras, to your computer. Internet/network connection Modem This is standard method of connecting to the Internet. Local area network (LAN) card - This is used by many computers, particularly those in an Ethernet office network, to connected to each other. Cable modem Some people now use the cable-television system in their home to connect to the Internet. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem - This is a high-speed connection that works over a standard telephone line. Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL) modem - A newer variation of DSL, VDSL requires that your phone line have fiber-optic cables. ======================PROTOCOLS_USB===================================== USB Universal Serial Bus developed by Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, for low- to mid-speed peripherals. allow Plug and Play computer peripherals new peripherals configured automatically upon attachment allow up to 127 devices USB has a 12 Mbps bandwidth USB is host-centric, allow it to use host PC's resources to detect when a device is added or removed. Windows 9x based Dual speed: 1.5 & 12 Mbps 5 meter max connection 4-wire serial bus Up to 127 devices 2-wire differential signaling Supports isochronous transactions All transactions originate from host 8/16/32/64-byte max data packet sizes 4 packets: Token, Data, Handshake, Special Token packet sets up transactions 1 USB Overview, http://www.usb.org/ 2 USB Overview, http://www.usb.org/ 3 USB Overview, http://www.usb.org/ 4 "RTC Bus Directory: USB", RTC, August 1997, p. 39. FireWire IEEE 1394 may be seen as usurpers to the USB throne; provide a high speed connection to the PC and suited for digital camcorders,(DVD) players. USB? standardized, easy-to-use way to connect up to 127 devices to a computer. maximum of 6 megabits per second of bandwidth, "A" connectors head "upstream" toward computer, "B" connectors head "downstream" to individual devices. it is impossible to ever get confused typical USB 4-port hub accepts 4 "A" connections mice and digital cameras get their power from the bus (up to 500 milliamps at 5 volts) comes from the computer. USB cable has two wires for power (+5 volts and Ground) twisted pair of wires to carry the data. up to 500 milliamps of power at 5 volts. (+5 volts (red) a nd Ground (brown)) twisted pair (yellow and blue) of wires to carry data. The cable is also shielded. powers up, queries all of devices connected to bus and assigns each one an address (a process called enumeration -- devices are also enumerated when they connect to the bus). also what type of data transfers it wishes to perform: Interrupt - a device like a mouse or a keyboard, Bulk - A device like a printer, Isochronous - a streaming device (e.g. - speakers) host can also send commands or query parameters with control packets. As devices are enumerated, host is keeping track of total bandwidth of isochronous and interrupt devices are requesting. They can have up to 90% of 12 megabits per sec available. After 90% is used up, host denies access to other devices Control packets and packets for bulk transfers use any bandwidth left over (at least 10%). Universal Serial Bus divides the available bandwidth into frames, and the host controls the frames. Frames contain 1,500 bytes a new frame starts every millisecond. During a frame, isochronous and interrupt devices get a slot so they are guaranteed bandwidth they need. Bulk and control transfers use whatever space is left. SCSI Pronounced "scuzzy," small computer system interface is a method of adding additional devices, such as hard drives or scanners, to the computer. AGP Accelerated Graphics Port high-speed connection used by graphics card to interface with the computer. Sound card - used by the computer to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital information Graphics card translates image data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor. No matter how powerful components inside your computer are, you need a way to interact with them. This interaction is called input/output (I/O). The most common types of I/O in PCs are: Monitor monitor is primary device for displaying information Keyboard - keyboard is the primary device for entering information into the computer. Mouse mouse is the primary device for navigating and interacting with computer Removable storage Removable-storage devices allow you to add new information to your computer very easily, as well as save information that you want to carry to different location. Floppy disk most common form of removable storage, floppy disks are extremely inexpensive and easy to save information to. CD-ROM CD-ROM (compact disc, read-only memory) a popular form of distribution of commercial software. Many systems now offer CD-R (recordable) and CD-RW (rewritable), can also record. Flash memory Based on a type of ROM called electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory provides fast, permanent storage. CompactFlash, SmartMedia and PCMCIA cards are all types of Flash memory. DVD-ROM DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc, read-only memory) is similar to CD-ROM but is capable of holding much more information. Ports Parallel port is commonly used to connect a printer. Serial port is typically used to connect an external modem. Universal Serial Bus (USB) - Quickly becoming the most popular external connection, USB ports offer power and versatility and are incredibly easy to use. ======================PROTOCOLS_Firewire======================= Firewire (IEEE 1394) Firewire is a very popular method of connecting digital-video devices, such as camcorders or digital cameras, to your computer. Internet/network connection Modem This is standard method of connecting to the Internet. Local area network (LAN) card - This is used by many computers, particularly those in an Ethernet office network, to connected to each other. Cable modem Some people now use the cable-television system in their home to connect to the Internet. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem - This is a high-speed connection that works over a standard telephone line. Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL) modem - A newer variation of DSL, VDSL requires that your phone line have fiber-optic cables. ======================PROTOCOLS_I2C======================== I2C bus developed by Valvo/Philips as two wire two way serial bus One IC will assume the roll of a Master and will take over the line. The Other ICs will assume the roll of a Slave and will recieve the masters signal. ___ _____ ______ ___.. ___ ____ \|/ / A7 \/ A6 \/ ACK\ /|\ |__/______/\______/\___.. ..___ ...\___| DATA 4u 4.7u _____ ___ ___ ___ __. .._ ____ | /|\ | /|\ | /|\ | /|\ | | |___| |___| |___| |___| |___| CLOCK 0) Both clock and data high (open/free) 1) Master starts by pulling data low while clock high a) failing edge + data high =slaves read address 2) Master now controls clock a) Masters lowers clock after 4us b) Master tries to raise clock. i) if Clock stays down , yield to other master c) Data is to be read at rising clock edge. 3) Master first sends out address and read write mode bit. a) First 7 bits are a slave's address b) Last bit @ 0 means slave will read 4) After each byte, Master expects a acknowledge. a) Master lets the data line go high. b) Slave that receives single pulls data line low on falling edge. c) Abort with stop condition if no acknowledge 5) Then the Master sends data bytes 6) After last ackn, Master goes high while clock is high a) Clock goes high then in 4.7us the data goes high. 7) Wait at least 4.7us for next cycle __ ____________________ ____________________________ |ST|A7|A6|A5|A4|A3|A2|A1|RW|AK|D7|D6|D5|D4|D3|D2|D1|D0|AK| |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| |. ___________________________ _______________________ . ^ | | | | SLAVE /|\|__| SLAVE |__| READS ADDRESS | ^ READS DATA ^ IS IT MINE? 0=SLAVE /|\ /|\ WILL READ |DATA RECEIVER ACKNOWLEDGE | ======================PROTOCOLS_TRANSMIT===================================== V.32bis synchs/asynch,full dupx,2wires,4.8K,7.2K,9.6K,12K,14.4Kbps Line drivers and receivers used to exchange data between nodes on a network a transmission line if rise and/or fall time greater than half time for signal to travel from the transmitter to receiver. a "bus" of up to 10 receivers. Quasi multi-drop networks (4-wire) constructed using RS422 devices.in half-duplex mode, single master sends to one "slave" Typically one device (node) addressed by host a response is received from that device. 4-wire, half-duplex constructed to avoid "data collision" RS485 up to 32 drivers and 32 receivers on a single (2-wire) bus. introduction of "automatic" repeaters and high-impedance drivers / receivers can be extended to hundreds (or even thousands) of nodes both drivers and receivers in the "tri-state" mode drivers are able to withstand "data collisions" hardware units (converters, repeaters, micro-processor controls) remain in receive mode until ready to transmit Single master systems initiates a communications request to "slave node" by addressing that unit. hardware detects start-bit of transmission and automatically enables (on the fly) RS485 transmitter Once character sent reverts back to receive mode in about 1-2 microseconds transmitter will automatically re-trigger with each new character Once a "slave" unit is addressed able to respond immediately because of the fast transmitter turn-off time of the automatic device. utilize bandwidth with up to 100% through put. ======================PROTOCOLS_ASCII============================== Give me a break! the canonical humorous response is "Control C". SOH Null ASCII_0 SOH Start Of Header ASCII_1 STX Start Of Text ASCII_2 ETX End Of Text ASCII_3 control-C Unix_interrupt EOT End Of Transmis ASCII_4 ENQ ENQuire. ASCII_5 ACK ACKnowledge ASCII_6 BEL sound bell ASCII_7 BS Backspace ASCII_8 HT tab ASCII_9 Control-I Unix => "\t" LF line feed ASCII_10 control-J Unix => "\n" VT Vertical Tab ASCII_11 FF form feed ASCII_12 Control-L CR CursReturn2Left ASCII_13 Control-M Unix => "\r" SO ShiftOut AltChars ASCII_14 Control-N SI ShiftIn AltChars ASCII_15 Control-O DLE Data Link Escape ASCII_16 DC1 resume output ASCII_17 control-Q XON DeviceControl1 DC2 DeviceControl2 ASCII_18 DC3 suspend output ASCII_19 control-S XOFF DeviceControl3 DC4 DeviceControl4 ASCII_20 NAK Neg Acknowledge ASCII_21 SYN Synchronous idle ASCII_22 ETB End Transm Block ASCII_23 CAN Cancel ASCII_24 Control-X EM End of Medium ASCII_25 SUB Substitute ASCII_26 ESC escape ASCII_27 ESCAPE FS File Separator ASCII_28 GS Group Separator ASCII_29 RS Record Separator ASCII_30 US Unit Separator ASCII_31 Hex Dec Char Hex Dec Char Hex Dec Char Hex Dec Char 00 00 NUL 20 32 space 40 64 @ 60 96 ` 01 01 SOH 21 33 ! 41 65 A 61 97 a 02 02 STX 22 34 " 42 66 B 62 98 b 03 03 ETX 23 35 # 43 67 C 63 99 c 04 04 EOT 24 36 $ 44 68 D 64 100 d 05 05 ENQ 25 37 % 45 69 E 65 101 e 06 06 ACK 26 38 & 46 70 F 66 102 f 07 07 EEL 27 39 ' 47 71 G 67 103 g 08 08 BS 28 40 ) 48 72 H 68 104 h 09 09 HT 29 41 ( 49 73 I 69 105 i GA 10 L 2A 42 * 4A 74 J 6A 106 j OB 11 VT 2B 43 + 4B 75 K 6B 107 k GC 12 FF 2C 44 , 4C 76 L 6C 108 I OD 13 CR 2D 45 - 4D 77 M 60 109 m GE 14 SO 2E 46 . 4E 78 N 6E 110 n OF 15 SI 2F 47 / 4F 79 O 6F 111 o 10 16 DLE 30 48 0 50 80 P 70 112 p 11 17 DC1 31 49 1 51 81 Q 71 113 q 12 18 DC2 32 50 2 52 82 R 72 114 r 13 19 DC3 33 51 3 53 83 S 73 115 s 14 20 DC4 34 52 4 54 84 T 74 116 t 15 21 NAK 35 53 5 55 85 U 75 117 u 16 22 SYN 36 54 6 56 86 V 76 118 v 17 23 ETB 37 55 7 57 87 W 77 119 w 18 24 CAN 38 56 8 58 88 X 78 120 x 19 25 EM 39 57 9 59 89 Y 79 121 y 1A 26 SUB 3A 58 : 5A 90 Z 7A 122 z 1E 27 ESC 3B 59 ; 5B 91 [ 7B 123 { 1C 28 FS 3C 60 < 5C 92 \ 7C 124 | 1D 29 GS 3D 61 = 5D 93 ] 70 125 } 1E 30 RS 3E 62 > 5E 94 ^ 7E 126 ~ 1F 31 US 3F 63 ? 5F 95 _ 7F 127 DE NUL Null DLE Data Link Escape SOH Startof Heading DC1 Device Control 1 STX Start of Text DC2 Device Control 2 ETX End of Text DC3 Device Control 3 EOT End Trans DC4 Device Control 4 ENQ Enquiry EM End of Medium ACK Acknowledge SUB Substitute BEL Bell ESC Escape BS BackSpace FS File Separator HT Horl Tab GS Group Separator LF Line Feed RS Recorder Separator VT Vertical Tab US Unit Separator FF Form Feed DEL Delete CR Carriage Ret SO Shift Out SI Shift In NAK Negat Acknow SYN Synchron Idle ETB End Trans Block CAN Cancel Sig Det NUL Null DLE Data Link Escape SOH Start Heading DC1 Device Control 1 STX Start of Text DC2 Device Control 2 ETX End of Text DC3 Device Control 3 EOT End of Transn DC4 Device Control 4 ENQ Enquiry EM End of Medium ACK Acknowledge SUB Substitute BEL Bell ESC Escape BS BackSpace FS File Separator HT Horizontal Tab GS Group Separator LF Line Feed RS Recorder Separator VT Vertical Tab US Unit Separator FF Form Feed DEL Delete CR Carriage Return SO Shift Out SI Shift In NAK Negative Acknowledge SYN Synchronous Idle ETB End of Transmission Block CAN Cancel ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange US-ASCII uses lower seven bits (character points 0 to 127) NUL Null DLE Data Link Escape SOH StartHeading DC1 Device Control 1 STX Start Text DC2 Device Control 2 ETX End Text DC3 Device Control 3 EOT End Trans DC4 Device Control 4 ENQ Enquiry EM End of Medium ACK Acknowledge SUB Substitute BEL Bell ESC Escape BS BackSpace FS File Separator HT Horizontal Tab GS Group Separator LF Line Feed RS Recorder Separator VT Vertical Tab US Unit Separator FF Form Feed DEL Delete CR Carriage Return SO Shift Out SI Shift In NAK Negative Ackno SYN Synch s Idle ETB End Trans Block CAN Cancel Give me a break! the canonical humorous response is "Control C". SOH Null ASCII_0 SOH Start Of Header ASCII_1 STX Start Of Text ASCII_2 ETX End Of Text ASCII_3 control-C Unix_interrupt EOT End Of Transmis ASCII_4 ENQ ENQuire. ASCII_5 ACK ACKnowledge ASCII_6 BEL sound bell ASCII_7 BS Backspace ASCII_8 HT tab ASCII_9 Control-I Unix => "\t" LF line feed ASCII_10 control-J Unix => "\n" VT Vertical Tab ASCII_11 FF form feed ASCII_12 Control-L CR CursReturn2Left ASCII_13 Control-M Unix => "\r" SO ShiftOut AltChars ASCII_14 Control-N SI ShiftIn AltChars ASCII_15 Control-O DLE Data Link Escape ASCII_16 DC1 resume output ASCII_17 control-Q XON DeviceControl1 DC2 DeviceControl2 ASCII_18 DC3 suspend output ASCII_19 control-S XOFF DeviceControl3 DC4 DeviceControl4 ASCII_20 NAK Neg Acknowledge ASCII_21 SYN Synchronous idle ASCII_22 ETB End Transm Block ASCII_23 CAN Cancel ASCII_24 Control-X EM End of Medium ASCII_25 SUB Substitute ASCII_26 ESC escape ASCII_27 ESCAPE FS File Separator ASCII_28 GS Group Separator ASCII_29 RS Record Separator ASCII_30 US Unit Separator ASCII_31 Hex Dec Char Hex Dec Char Hex Dec Char Hex Dec Char 00 00 NUL 20 32 space 40 64 @ 60 96 ` 01 01 SOH 21 33 ! 41 65 A 61 97 a 02 02 STX 22 34 " 42 66 B 62 98 b 03 03 ETX 23 35 # 43 67 C 63 99 c 04 04 EOT 24 36 $ 44 68 D 64 100 d 05 05 ENQ 25 37 % 45 69 E 65 101 e 06 06 ACK 26 38 & 46 70 F 66 102 f 07 07 EEL 27 39 ' 47 71 G 67 103 g 08 08 BS 28 40 ) 48 72 H 68 104 h 09 09 HT 29 41 ( 49 73 I 69 105 i GA 10 L 2A 42 * 4A 74 J 6A 106 j OB 11 VT 2B 43 + 4B 75 K 6B 107 k GC 12 FF 2C 44 , 4C 76 L 6C 108 I OD 13 CR 2D 45 - 4D 77 M 60 109 m GE 14 SO 2E 46 . 4E 78 N 6E 110 n OF 15 SI 2F 47 / 4F 79 O 6F 111 o 10 16 DLE 30 48 0 50 80 P 70 112 p 11 17 DC1 31 49 1 51 81 Q 71 113 q 12 18 DC2 32 50 2 52 82 R 72 114 r 13 19 DC3 33 51 3 53 83 S 73 115 s 14 20 DC4 34 52 4 54 84 T 74 116 t 15 21 NAK 35 53 5 55 85 U 75 117 u 16 22 SYN 36 54 6 56 86 V 76 118 v 17 23 ETB 37 55 7 57 87 W 77 119 w 18 24 CAN 38 56 8 58 88 X 78 120 x 19 25 EM 39 57 9 59 89 Y 79 121 y 1A 26 SUB 3A 58 : 5A 90 Z 7A 122 z 1E 27 ESC 3B 59 ; 5B 91 [ 7B 123 { 1C 28 FS 3C 60 < 5C 92 \ 7C 124 | 1D 29 GS 3D 61 = 5D 93 ] 70 125 } 1E 30 RS 3E 62 > 5E 94 ^ 7E 126 ~ 1F 31 US 3F 63 ? 5F 95 _ 7F 127 DE ----------------------PROTOCOLS_EYE_PATTERN--------------------- Eye-Pattern ________________ \/ \/ Eye Pattern SONET OC-3 ____/\____/\____ Eye-Pattern digital data transmissions SONET, SDH fiber channel used to evaluate determine the health of the DUT and conduct compliance testing to industry standards ________________ \/ \/ Eye Pattern ____/\____/\____ ___________ / ____/ 1 _ __ \ / \__________/ 2 ____ \ \_________ 3 __________ / \ _/ \__ 4 ____ ____ \ / \____/ 5 ____ / __________/ 6 ____ / \ ____/ \____ 7 ___________ \ \____ 8 eye diagram a cumulative graphical portrait edge placement due to noise of jitter can locate tIme reference edge examine the jitter on subsequent edges. Jitter Degrees intervals (Uls) intervals (Uls) power Peak-to-peak jitterpsec peak-to-peak peak-to-peak. rms units.(dBui (6.43 nsec=1 cycle) normalized normalize normalize 100 5.6 0.015552 0.0022217 ‹53.07 200 1.12 0.003110 0.0004443 ‹67.05 Notes: RMS UI calculation uses 1/7th of peak-to-peak jitter approxim. dBui means dedbels relative to one unit interval. Low-freq High-frequency Frequency Cost jitter jitter generation 1 lowest 1 best 1 best. techniques 3 highest 3 worst 3 worst Comments Type Direct clock/TCXO 1 2 1 or 2 Very good jitter A Direct VCXO 2 1 1 or 2 Very good jitter B Direct oven 3 1 1 Exceflent jItter C Tuned Multipily 2 1 1 or 2 periodic jitter D DiscretePLL 2 2 2or3 Goodjitter E MonolightPLL 1 3 2or3 close in poor F TCXO temperature-compensated crystal oscillator. VCXO voltage-controlled crystal oscillator. Close-in jitter is typically jitter with a frequency V.32bis synchs/asynch,full dupx,2wires,4.8K,7.2K,9.6K,12K,14.4Kbps Line drivers and receivers used to exchange data between nodes on a network a transmission line if rise and/or fall time greater than half time for signal to travel from the transmitter to receiver. EIA Electronics Industry Association produced standards for RS485, RS422, RS232, and RS423 previously marked with prefix "RS" to indicate recommended standard; RS232 (single-ended) introduced in 1962, allows for up to 20K bits/second to 50Ft. @ Independent channels for two-way (full-duplex) idle state (MARK) signal negative to common, active state (SPACE) signal positive to common. RS422 (differential) pair of converters from RS232 to RS422 (and back again) can be used to form "RS232 extension cord." up to 100K bits/second up to 4000 Ft. also specified for multi-drop (party-line) a "bus" of up to 10 receivers. Quasi multi-drop networks (4-wire) constructed using RS422 devices.in hal