======================SCIENCE========== Acids_and_carbonlates liberate carbon dioxide produce a salt and water. CaC03 + 2HCI -> CaCl2 + H20 + CO2_gas Co+2 + C03-2 +2H30+ +2CI- -> Ca+2 + 2CI- +3H20 + CO2_gas CaC03 +2HCI -> CaCl2 + H20 +CO2_gas Co+2 +C03-2 +2H30+ +2CI- -> Ca+2 + 2CI- +3H20 +CO2_gas vacuum tube, electrons from cathode to anode. dischargingcell negative ions from cathode to anode. voluem = 22.4138 liter R = 8.31441J/K PV=RT PV=nRT R = .0821 liter-atms/K/mole 1 Mole = 6.022045e23 units eathin lncline 23.45 deg dia sun 1.39e9n dia moosn c = light = sqrt(1/e*u) Z = sqrt(u/e) = 377 ohms c = sqrt(S/u) S = tension on wire = pressure/volume u = mass per lenght or mass per volume chromac soundpress loevel spl man 3megcal/day = 3/4 lb fat running 600kcal/hr wlk = 200, sit = 100 ------------------------------------------------------------ Rochelle_salts NaKC4H4O6 double salt, used in medicine, sodium potclssiun tartrate,, Space Power Miniature_Radioisotope_Power_Source About the size of a small flashlight, a proposed unit could power small instruments for years. 16.5cm _________________________________ | Radioisotope 7 AA LiTiS2 Cells | + _|__ _____ _______ _______ | | |==| | |_______||_______| | _ _|__|==|_____| |_______||_______| | 4.7cm | Insulate |_______||_______| | |_________________________________| PowerController and Thermalpile NASA's Jet Propulsion LaboratorL: Pasadena, California A proposed miniature power source would generate electricity for years without addition of fuel or dependence on sunlight. Called the powerstick, it would be relatively inexpensive lightweight, and rugged in comparison with other radioisotope thermoelectric generators that have been designed in recent years. The powerstick could supply power to small vehicles or scientific instruments in remote locations on Earth or in outer space. Some envisioned uses include Mars miniature rovers and monitoring equipment for toxic or nuclear storage sites. The powerstick consists of a radioisotope heater unit, a thermopile made of state-of-the-art thermoelectric material, a rechargeable battery, and control circuitry (see figure). During a full discharge from an initial full charge, the battery could supply 28 W.h of energy (1 A.h at 28 V). The total mass of the power stick would be approximately 380 grams. The radioisotope heater unit is a spot heater, produced by the U.S. Department of Energy, that contains a relatively small amount of radioisotope fuel and is commonly used on spacecraft. This unit provides 1 W of thermal power. Multilayer thermal insulation would direct most of the heat flux toward the thermopile, battery, and control circuitly, where it would not only supply energy for thermoelectric conversion, but would also maintain the battery and circuitry at the proper operating temperature. The thenopile would convert some of this thermal power to 40 mW of continuous electric power, which would be used to trickle-charge the batte€y. It would take about one month to fully recharge the battery after full discharge. The thermopile consists of about 1000 bismuth telluride legs that are 3 cm long and have a square cross section of 1/3 mm on a side. The battery in the powerstick would consist of fourteen LiTiS2 rechargeable cells of standard AA size, characterized by low self-discharge rate. The energy densities of these cells are 120 W.h/kg - about four times that of nickel/cadmium cells. The 28-V output of the battery could be downregulated by a microchip regulator or a dc-dc converter to various lesser voltages with an efficiency of about 85 percent. This work was done by Artur B. Chmielewski of Caltech for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. For further information, write in 25 on the TSP Request Card. NPO- 19339 crystal