======================ANALOG_TERMS================================= algorithm rules with steps for solving a problem. alias frequency A falselowerfrequency component that appears digitized at an insufficiently high sampling rate. ambient level values of signals and noise that exist at a test location when the device under test is not active. anechoic chamber enclosure with walls that absorb sound radiation, creating free-field environment for testing. array An ordered arrangement of information. aspect ratio The width-to-height ratio of a video picture. asynchronous An action that takes place at an arbitrary time, without synchronization to a reference timer or clock. background take place without direct operator intervention; balun An antenna-balancing device matches a balanced or symmetrical load (a dipole antenna) to an unbalanced load (a coaxialcable feed line). ("Balun" is derived from "balanced-to-unbalanced.") blob region in image which all pixels same gray level. chrominance defines hue and saturation, but not the brightness cold-junction compensation artificial reference level that compensates for ambient temperature variations in thermocouple circuits. collimate To create a light beam in which all optical rays are parallel. composite syne video signal that contains horizontal sync pulses, vertical sync pulses, and equalizing pulses only, with a no-signal referencelevel. composite video composed of the luminance (black and white), chrominance (color), and a colorburst signal. blanking pulses, sync pulses, conducted emission Electromagnetic energy propagated along a conductor. called "conducted interference" if it is undesired. convolution mathematical operation that filters images. coprocessor A processor that operates with the CPU to boost speed. digital signal processing (DSP) chip can free the CPU from having to perform repetitious math counter (1) Insoftware, a memory location used to store a count of certain occurrences. (2) In hardware, a circuit that counts events. counterpoise The reference plane portion (grounded or ungrounded) of an unbalanced antenna. crosscoupling The coupling signal from one channel, to another, where it becomes an undesired signal. cross modulation Modulation of a desired signal by an ndesired signal. special case of intermodulation. crosstalk one or more signals interfere with another signal. current loop transmits data as current flow over relatively long distances and through environments with relatively high noise. data acquisition gathering infermation from sources such as sensors and transducers. decibel dB = 20 log V'ltage1/Powerl = 10 log V'ltage2 /Power, 1 ´V dBm absolute powerlevel referred to 1 mW dBe level difference referred to a carrier level, c. dBcMz level difference referred to carrier level calculated for a measurement bandwidth of 1 Hz. decoupling-neCwork prevents test signals applied to the unit under test from affecting other devices, equipment, or systems that are not under test. degradation An unwanted change in the performance o degradation is not necessarily a malfunction or failure. devicedriver See driver. digital-to-analog conversion changes discrete values into a voltage digital-to-analog converter (DAC orD/Aconverter) converts digital information into analog voltage dipole antenna made of a straight conductor (usually not longer than half a wavelength) that is divided at its electrical center and connected to a transmission line. (DIVIA) direct memory access direct transfer information between computer's memory and device while computer's does something else. driver Software controls hardware device, dynamic range ratio full-scale range (FSR) to smallest difference the converter can resolve edge detection locates an edge by examining for abrupt changes (EMC) electromagnetic compatibility ability to operate in intended environment without creatinginterference with other equipment. eventcounter counts the occurrences false color Color added to an image to call attention to details that aren't readily perceptible far field region which power flux density from an antenna obeys the inverse-square law. feature any characteristic of an image or a region in an image. feature extraction technique generates set descriptors or characteristic attributes from a binary image. field set even or odd lines in interlaced video image. large open site which testing take place. field of view area of object under view a as represented at the focal plane of a camera. field strength measurement either electric or magnetic field in far field. (Expressed in units of V/m, A/m, or W/m.) filter selectively removes noise from a signal. Electronic filters include low-pass, band-pass, and high-pass types. firmware program permanently recorded in ROM; effectively hardware that performs software functions. flaw detection image-analysis examines for unwanted features of unknown shapes at unknown positions. floating-point numbers, in scientific notation, known as "real" numbers foreground In a personal computer, activity subject to direct operator intervention. Background activities running on computer simultaneously. frame the total area of the picture that scanned by a camera. frame grabber digitizes an image and stores it in a computer's memory. frame rate frequency which image completely updated on display front end Any preprocessor of information. signal conditioning in data-acquisition system takes place in a front end. Gaussian filter Gaussian curve, describes passband characteristics. graylevel brightness value assigned to pixel from black to white. gray scale discrete gray levels 8-bit system runs from 0 to 255. ground electrically neutral wire has same potential as earth. ground plane conducting surface or plate used as a common electrical reference point for circuits. (HD) harmonic distortion distortion in analog that generates harmonics total harmonic distortion (THD), ratio of the sum of multiple harmonics to the level of the original signal. hexadecimal base-l6 numbering system; 0-9, A-F. high-passfilter (1) A math operation that emphasizes details in an image. (2) A circuit that attenuates low-frequency components in an analog signal. histogram In inspection, the graphical representation of the gray scale values found in an image. horizonal blanking The blanking signal that occurs at the end of each video scanning line. horizontal sync The portion of a video signal that indicates the end of a line of video information. hue The distinction between colors. Red, blue, green, and yellow are examples of hues. White, black, and gray are not considered hues, because they are intensities, not colors. image analysis A technique that extracts features and descriptions from images. image processing Transforming a source image into an improved image that supplies specific properties. For example, edge detection is an image-processing method. immunity The property of equipment that enables it to reject an electrical disturbance. impulse An electromagnetic pulse of short duration--shorter than one cycle at the highest frequency being considered. input/output(I/O) The transferof data from or to a computer system. instrumentation amplifier (IA) An amplifier circuit with high impedance differential inputs and high common-mode rejection. intermodulation The mixing of two signals in a nonlinear device. This produces signals at frequencies that are the sum and difference of integral multiples of the original signals. See also cross modulation. interrupt A signal that requires immediate attention from a computer's CPU. interrupt handler The software routine that handles an interrupt's request for service. I/0 address A specific hardware circuit and software value that the CPU uses to distinguish betureen the different boards in a system. isolation amplifier An amplifier that provides electrically isolated inputs and outputs that let it amplify a differential signal that is superimposed on a high commonmode voltage. isolation voltage The voltage that an isolated circuit can normally withstand. Isolation voltage is specified from input to input or from any input to the amplifier output. isotropic Having properties that have equal value in all directions line In imaging,the coordinate that defines the vertical location of a pixel in an image. linearity Therelationship of a device's response to a straight line. * * ^ * * Gain_Error * * * | * * \ * * * * * |Linearity _ _*_ \ * _ _ _ _ _ _v_ - - - - - - | ^ *_ _-__-_-_-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | v ^ ^ | offset error codeN offset error | _____|__________________________V_________________|____ <---------%_of_max_code----> Total_errorcodeN=Offset_error+Gain_error*%_maxcode+Linearity_ErrorcodeN low-pass filter (1)An operation that blurs details in an image. (2) A circuit that attenuates the highfrequency components in an analog siffnal. macro A set of program steps combined by a user or a programmer that act as a single and more powerful program step. mismatch A nonideal coupling of two circuits. The part of the signal that does not pass through the coupling gets reflected and leads to measurement error. monochrome An image represented by a single color. Generally, a monochrome image is presented as white on a black background. monopole An antenna that consists of a straight conductor and is usually not more than one quarter of a wavelength long. A monopole is mounted immediately above, and at a right angle to, a ground plane. monotonicity A characteristic of a properly operating DAC in which the analog output increases as the digital code input to it increases. multiplexer (mux) A set of semiconductor or electromechanical switches arranged to select one of many inputs to a single output. A selector switch. noise Undesirable electrical interference to a signal. noise distortion he nonlinear behavior that circuits or devices exhibit when driven with a broadband noise signal NTSC (National Television System Committee) A 60-Hz standard for encoding color video signals. is used in North America, Canada, Japan, and most of South America. See also PAL, RS-170. Nyquist sampling A theorem that establishes a relationship between sampling rates and the ability to recreate the data that needs to be acquired. Nyquist's theorem states that if you sample a signal at rate f, the sampled signal will contain no information about signals with frequency components above f/2. open area An open and flat test site at which electromagnetic interference measurements are taken and at which effects from power wires, buildings, and underground cables are negligible. Ambient radiation must be low to permit testing. optical isolator A device that links two circuits through an optoelectronic transmitter and receiver with no direct electrical connection between the two circuits. PAL (phase alternation line) A 50-Hz composite color video standard in Western Europe, India, China, and some Middle Eastern countries. passive filter filtercircuit using only passive components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors. pixel (1) The fundamental picture element in a digital image. (2) The coordinate unit used to define the horizontal location of a pixel in an image. ("Pixel" is an acronym for "picture element.") polarization The orientationof the field vector in a radiated field. polling Around-robin canvassing of inputs to a computer to determine which ones are active. In most cases, polling is synchronized in software to a clock or external trigger. port A communications connection on a computer or a remote controller. For example, an I/0 port. protocol The rules that govern the exact sequence of bits, bytes, and other information that travels between communication systems or computers. quantizing error The inherent uncertainty in digitizing an analog value thatcaused by the finite resolution of the conversion process. Increasing the resolution of an ADC reduces the uncertainty. (RFI) radio-frequency interference High-frequency interference with radio reception. range (1) The maximum allowable full-scale signal (input or output) that yields a specified performance level. (2) A large place in which measurements take place. region of interest In inspection, the area inside defined boundaries of an image that you want to analyze. repeatability The ability of an instrument to give the same output or reading under repeated identical conditions. resolution The smallest division to which a measurement can be determined. For example, an ADC with 12-bit resolution can resolve 1 part in 4096 over input range. RGB A video-display standard in which three separate signals-red, green, and blue-transmit image information. RS-170 The encoding standard for 60-Hz black-and-white television signals; it is used as the standard for most monochrome video equipment. See also NTSC, PAL. (S/H) sample and hold A circuit that acquires an analog voltage stores it temporarily in a capacitor. This circuit is also referred to as a sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA). SAMPLE_HOLD Sample Commmand | |<-----> Acquistion Time | | _ |_|_ _ /_\_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Specified Error Band |_|___/___\__--___________________ Final Value |_|_ _|_ _ \/ _ _ _ _ _ _ Specified Error Band | | | | | | <-- cap charging | | / |_|_/_____________________ ^ ^ Switching time delay (Aperture delay) Hold Commmand SAMPLE_HOLD | |<---> Hold mode settle Time | | |_____|__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Specified Error Band | | \ /\ _____________________ Final Value | |_ _\/_ -- _ _ _ _ _ _ Specified Error Band | | | | _ Start Convert Pulse |_____|___| |______________________ Seebeck effect The principlethat describes how thermocouples work. A thermocouple circuit contains two junctions of two dissimilar metals. When the junctions are at different temperatures, a current flows. sensitivity A measure ofthe minimum change in an input signal that an instrument can detect. settling time The time required, after rapidly changing a circuit's input signal, for that circuit's output voltage to settle and remain within a specified error band around the final value. (SNR) signal-to-noise ratio The ratio of total signal to noise expressed in decibels (dB). The larger the number, the better. SNR is calculated by SNR = 201og SignalRMs /NoiseRMs A related unit is the signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD), the ratio of the input signal to the sum of noise and harmonics: SINAD 201og SignalRMs /(Noise + Harmonics)RMs simultaneous sample and hold A data-acquisition technique in which several sample-and-hold circuits sample several different analog channels simultaneously. spike A transient disturbance of an electrical circuit caused by, for example, load variations on AC power line. stability The ability of an instrument or sensor to maintain consistent output when constant input applied. subpixelresolution Any imaging technique that can yield a measurement with spatial resolution less than one pixel. successive- approximation A technique used in ADCs that sequentially compares a series of progressive r binary-weighted values with ´i analog input to produce an output digital word. surge Asuddenchange (usually an increase) in the voltage on a power line. A surge is similar to a spike,butitlastslonger. susceptibility The characteristic of electronic equipment that permits undesirable responses when the equipment is subjected to electromagnetic radiation. sync Theportionofavideo signal that indicates either the end of a field or a line of video information. throughputrate The maximum repetitive rate at which a data-conversion system can operate with a specified accuracy. time stamp Information added to a unit of data to indicate the time at which it was processed. total harmonic distortion (THD) See harmonic distortion. vertical sync The portion of a video signal that indicates the end of a field of video information. sync pulse is used by video equipment to maintain field synchronization with the incoming video signal. video encoder A device that converts RGB video to composite video. (VFC) voltage-to-frequency converter converts an analog input voltage into a sequence of digital pulses with a frequency that is proportional to the input voltage. T&MW Anode: the cell plate, or electrode, at which an oxidation reaction occurs. A cellL negative electrode is an anode when the cell is discharging, but a cathode when it is being charged. Possibly, ther´re, the terms "positive" and "negative" may be more useful in identifying electrodes. Battery: two or more cells connected to form a single unit. (Since contemporary usage allows for oneiell batteries, the terms Ucell" and "battery" are sometimes used interchangeably.) C-rate: a rate of charge or dixharge in amperes numerically equal to the capacity of the battery in amperehour. Multiples and submultiples of the C-rate are commonly used. For example, the specific energy of a battery is often specified for discharges at U3 rate. Cathode: the cell plate, or electrode, at which a reduction reaaion occurs. A cell's positive electrode is a cathode when the cell is discharging, but an anode [see above] when it is being charged. Cell: an electrochemical energy-storage device consisting of two electrodes, or plates; an electrolyte; and (usually) a se´rator. Electrolyte: the ionic conductor, typically a liquid, that provides internal connection between plates of cell. The electrolyte must not be an electronic conductor lest it short-circuit the cell. Life: the totai iength of time that a battery will operate before it needs to be replaced. For primary battefies, it is expressed in hours- of actual use; for rechargeable units limiting factor is the number of months or years since the battery vvas manufactured or number of charge-discharge ´s to which,it has been su´´,´le:l´ Energy density: storage.density of a battery, many expressed in watt-hour per liter. Float charging: The practice of keeping a storage battery ready b´ use by means of a contlnuous, long-term constant-voltage, limited current charging regime. Memory ´ the reduction in capacity of a nikkel-cadmium ´´ due.:to repeated partial discharge-charge cycles. Power density the volumetric power density of a battery, usually expressed in watts per liter. Primary cell: a cell that can be discharged only once. Secondary cell: a rechargeable celi. Separator: a nonconductive ´i´:-:´rous material inserted beh´veen,the -´ates of a cell to keep them from shorting together. Although ´self nonconductive, the sepa´or must be permeabli to the el´lyte solution so that ionic conductivity is: maintained.b´n the plates. Specifk energy: the gravimetric energy storage density of:a b´ery. ´ally expressed in watt-houn per kilogram. S´ecific power: the g´vi´ic ´rdensity of a battery, usually expre´d in watts per kirogram. Voltage Comparator Definition of Terms Input Current (IB): average of the two input currents. Input Offset Current (IOS): difference currents between two input terminals. Input Offset Voltage (VOS): DC voltage must applied between input terminals to force DC output to stay at mid-point between positive and negative supplies. Input Voltage Range (VCM): Typically the range of voltages on the input terminals for which the comparator?s performance is specified. Logic Threshold Voltage: The voltage that exceeds the input offset voltage causing the output to change state. Offset Voltage Temperature Coefficient (TCVOS): The average rate of change in offset voltage for junction temperature variation over a specified temperature range. Offset Current Temperature Coefficient (TCIOS): The average rate of change in offset current for junction temperature variation over a specified temperature range. Output High Voltage (VOH): The high DC output voltage with output driven high with specified output current. Output Low Voltage (VOL): The low DC output voltage with the output driven low with specified sinking current. Output Leakage Current: The current into the output terminal with the output driven high. Output Resistance: The apparent output resistance of a comparator, typically illustrated with an ideal comparator with zero output resistance in series with an output resistor, Rout, measured under DC conditions. Output Sink Current: The maximum negative current that can be sunk by the comparator. Output Source Current: The maximum positive current that can be sourced by the comparator with push/pull output state. Power Consumption: power required comparator with no output load. Response Time: The interval between the application of an input step function and the time when the output crosses the logic threshold voltage. Saturation Voltage: The low DC voltage of an open collector output with the output driven low with specified sinking current. Strobe Current: The current out of the strobe terminal when it is at the zero logic level. Strobe Output Level: The comparator DC output voltage, independent of input conditions, when the strobe is active. Strobe "ON" Voltage: The maximum voltage on strobe terminal required forcing the output to the specified high state independent of the input voltage. Strobe "OFF" Voltage: The minimum voltage on the strobe terminal that will guarantee that it does not interfere with the operation of the comparator. Strobe Release Time: The time required for the output to rise to the logic threshold voltage after the strobe terminal has been driven from zero to a logic one level and the input is at a level that would drive the output low. Supply Current: The current required from the positive or negative supply to operate the comparator with no output load. Voltage Gain: The ratio of the change in output voltage to the change in voltage between the input terminals producing it. Voltage overdrive: The input step voltage that goes beyond the minium drive required to change the output state from one logic level to the opposite logic level. Absolute Accuracy: worst case input to output error of a data converter referred to the NIST standard volt. Accuracy: measured value with its true value; the maximum error of from the true value. See relative accuracy and absolute accuracy. Acquisition Time: required to acquire a new analog input voltage once a sample command has been given. "acquired" when settled within a specified errorband around final value voltage. maximum value acquisition time when hold capacitor change tofull scale voltage change. acquisition time not just time required for settle, includes time for all internal nodes to settle so output assumes proper value when switched to hold mode. Aperture Jitter (or Aperture Undertainty) : range variation in aperture time. Aperture Time time it takes from when Hold command is given to sample and hold circuit until switches from sample mode to hold mode. Auto-Zero stabilization circuit servos an amplifier or A/D converter input offset to zero during operating cycle. Binary Coded Decimal (BCD): A binary code used to represent decimal numbers each digit 0 to 9 is represented by four bits weighted 8-4-2-1. Only 10 of the 16 possible states are used. Bipolar or Unipolar Inputs: A unipolar input is an input that will only accept and measure either positive and negative voltages (input voltage can not swing past 0). A bipolar input is an input that will except and measure both positive and negative voltages. usually means on a 12 bit system you only have 11 bits of resolution (11 bits + sign = 12 bits). And volia the 13-bit A/D converter was born. (12 bits + sign) Clocks, Internal/External : All A/D converters need of clock . This clock can either be external or internal. Internal saves you some external components, external allows you to determine how fast things run (and how much power is consumed) Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR): For an amplifier, the ratio of differential voltage gain to common-mode voltage gain, generally expressed in dB. CMRR = 20 log(10)(AD/CM) Where AD is differential voltage gain and ACM is common mode voltage gain. Conversion Time: The time required for the converter to perform the conversion. This is contrasted with acquisition time, which is the time to acquire, or grab, the signal voltage at a given point in time. Conversion Rate: The number of repetitive A/D or D/A conversions per second for a full scale change to specified resolution and linearity. DC Common-Mode Error: This specification applies to A/Ds with differential inputs. It is the change in the output code that occurs when the analog voltages on the two inputs are changed by and equal amount. It is expressed in LSBs. Dielectric Absorption: A voltage memory characteristic caused by the dielectric material not polarizing instantaneously. The result is that not all the energy stored in a charged capacitor can be quickly recovered upon discharge, and the open capacitor voltage will creep back up. Differential Input: Usually inputs are referenced with respect to some Vref (usually high - some other input pin or Vcc) and ground. On an 8-bit system, if Vref = 5V and the input measured was 4.000V the output would be (256steps/5V * 4.000V) = 204d (11001100b). With a differential input the difference between two inputs is given. On the same system, a differential measurement is taken between two inputs, the first at 4.0000V, the second at 3.5000V, the output would be (256step/5volts * (4.0000V - 3.5000V) ) = 25d (0001001b). (The opposite of differential is single-ended) Differential Nonlinerarity Error (DNL): Differential Nonlinearity is a measure in the error of the step size. The ideal step size is one LSB. If the highest step size in a given conerter is 1.8LSB, the the maximum error, or DNL, is 0.8LSB. A DNL greater than 1.0 LSB can lead to missing codes in an ADC (not necessarily WILL lead to missing codes) and CAN lead to a non-monotonic transfer function in a DAC. Differential Linearity Tempco: The change in differential linearity error with temperature for a data converter, expressed in ppm/deg C of FSR (Full Scale Range) Drive, LCD/LED : Some A/D chips are designed specifically for Digital Volt Meters (DVM). The device does the conversion, and the BCD to Seven Segment decoding - all on the same chip. Droop Rate: rate which output voltage changing in hold mode as result to leakages within sample-and-hold circuit. sample-and-hold system, rate (in volts per second) Dynamicsampling error error introduced intoheld output due to a changing analog input at time hold command is given. expressed mV with hold capa value and input slew rate. this error term occurs even for long sample times. Dynamic Specs: specifications of an A/D pertaining to an AC input signal.included S/N (Signal to Noise) ration, SINAD (Signal-to-Noise + Distortion Ratio), ENOB (Effective Number of Bits), THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), IMD (Intermodulation Distortion), FPBW (Full Power Bandwidth), and SSBW (Small Signal Band Width). (ENOB): Effective Number of Bits measurement SINAD from equa : ENOB= (SINAD - 1.76) / 6.02. specification combines effects of other dynamic spec; errors from dynamic differential and integral nonlinearity, missing codes, THD, aperture jutter shown. Feedthrough Attenuation Ratio: fraction input signal that appears at output while sample and hold in hold mode. FIFO (First In - First Out): describes size of buffer on serial or parallel transmission ,can make conversion,put value in FIFO, and wait until processor is read before sending information. FullPowerBandwidth (FPBW): While full power bandwidth is epecified differently from manufacturer to manufacturer frequency at which the output response falls by 3dB f Full Scale Error difference (usually expressed in LSBs) between A/D input voltage that ideally produc full scale output and actual input voltage produces that code; Full Scale Range (FSR): The difference between maximum and minimum analog values for an A/D converter input or A/D converter output. Gain Error the deviation of the slope of the input/output transfer characteristic its ideal slope. Gain Temperature Coefficient (Full Scale Temperature Coefficient) Change gain error divided by change temp. expressed in parts per million per degree Celsius (ppm/C). Hold Capacitor Leakage Current: Leakage currents through S/H circuitry cause unwanted discharge, or charge, ocapacitor in hold mode. what causes the Droop Rate. Hold Settling Time time required for the output to settle within a specified error band after "hold" logic command given. Hold Step voltage step at output of S/H when switching from sample to hold mode with steady (DC) analog input voltage IntegralNonlinearity (Linearity Error): Worst Case deviation of an ADC or DAC transfer between endpoints (zero and full scale).as a percentage of full scale or fractions LSB. (IMD): Intermodulation Distortion Two frequency components interact through nonlinerarities to produce signal a additional frequencies. IMD defined as ratio of rms sum of distortion product amplitudes to rms sum input freqy Linearity Error Integral Linearity Error and Differential Linearity Error. Long Term Stability variation in data converter accuracy due time alone. commonly specified percent per 1000 hours or per year. Low voltage: Most A/Ds are require 5 or 15 volts as Vcc. some A/Ds on less (3.3 and lower) LSB (Least-Significant Bit): binary systems the bit that carries smallest value or weight. full scale voltage divided by 2^n, where n is resolution of the converter. Major transition change from a code of 1000...000 to 0111...111 or vice-versa. transition most difficult from linearity standpoint since MSB weight must be precisely one LSB larger than sum all other bit weights. Missing Codes: If there are missing codes, digital codes cannot be reached by input voltage value. Monotonicity slope whose sign does not change. MSB (Most Significant Bit):binary coded system bit that largest value or weight. one half of full scale. Multiplexer: gives the A/D the ability to sample 8-channels with only one A/D block inside. bank of switches let one input through to A/D block at one time. system - you must convert one channel at a time NormalModeRejection attenuation of specific frequency or band of frequencies directly across two electrical terminals. normal mode rejection determined by input filter or by integration of the input signal. Nyquist Frequency maximum sampling frequency (Fs) required to resolve maximum input frequency (Fin). sampling freq should be two times the maximum input frequency (Fs=2Fin). Offset Drift: change with temperature analog zero for data converter operating in bipolar mode. expressed in ppm/deg C of FSR. Offset Error (Zero Error): difference between ideal voltage (1/2 LSB) and actual input voltage needed to transition from zero to 1 LSB. All codes in transfer curve are offset by same value. Offset Error is usually expressed in LSBs. Output Logic Levels Defines the voltage and current output characteristics can TTL, CMOS, TRI-STATE, or Open Collector. Peak Harmonic: The amplitude, relative to the fundamental, of the largest harmonic resulting from the A/D conversion of a AC signal. Powersupplyrejection Power Supply Sensitivity The sensitivity of a converter to changes in the dc power supply voltages. Quantizing Error error inherent in all A/D conversions. "ideal" converter has finite resolution, analog voltage ts between two adjacent output codes result in output code inaccurate by up to 1/2 LSB. RatiometricOperation A/D applications references for signal source should be connected to reference of converter. T variations in source reference voltage change converter reference produce accurate conversion. Relative Accuracy: worst case error of a data converter, percent of full scale, referred to converter reference consists of offset, gain and linearity components. Resolution: smallest analog incrementto a 1 LSB converter code change.resolution normally expressed in bits, number of digital codes equal to 2^n. Sample-to-Hold Transient: transient at the output due to a sample-to-hold transition. Settling Time time fromchangeinput code until a DAC's output within +/- 1/2 LSB ( of the final value. (S/N Ratio, SNR): Signal-to-Noise Ratio ratio signal amplitude to background noise level background noise determined by integrating noise spectral density over bandwidth of SINAD (Signal-to-Noise + Distortion Ratio): Similar to S/N includes harmonic distortion components as part noise. Self Calibrating: will go through a self-adjusting cycle that adjust for zero, full scale, linearity errors. Serial I/O UART - A UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) is a serial port adapter for asynchronous serial communications. USART A USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) serial port adapter either asynchronous or synchronous serial communications.using synchronous mode are typically much faster ( 16 times) than asynchronous mode. Synchronous serial port - A synchronous serial port doesn't require start/stop bits can operate much higher clock rates asynchronous serial port. A few common types of synchronous serial communication protocols are: SPI (Motorola) SPI (serial peripheral interface) is a synchronous serial port. I2C bus Inter-Integrated Circuit bus (Philips) - The I2C bus is 2 wire serial interface developed by Philips. It was 8 bit applications and is widely used in consumer electronics, automotive and industrial applications. MICROWIRE & MICROWIRE/PLUS (National Semiconductor) - MICROWIRE is serial synchronous bi-directional communications int MICROWIRE/PLUS has some enhancements that are MICROWIRE. (SSBW): Small Signal Bandwidth frequency which S/N ratio dropped 3dB (relative to its low freq for input signal much smaller than full scale input (20dB or 40dB below full-scale, r example). Static Specifications The specifications of A/D pertaining to DC signal include gain error, offset error,differential/integral linearity errors. Supply: Denotes the required power supply(ies). Temperat Coefficient: change in analog magnitude with temperature, expressed in ppm/deg C. Throughput Time time is takes from addressing analog input channels till valid data read on output. some systems (such as National's LM12454/8 DAS )includes sequencer instruction, selecting properinput channels and waiting settle, conversion time of A/D, storing results in FIFO, sending data request, one clock cycle forread to occur. Throughput rate inverse of the throughput time. (THD): Total Harmonic Distortion inherent nonlinearities ideal A/D , A/D's produce harmonics of the input frequency. THD the ratio of the rms sum of harmonic distortion product amplitudes toinput signal amplitude. (TUE): Total Unadjusted Error maximum deviation ofvoltage to center of a digital code's associated input voltage span fromideal case. includes offset error, gain error, and differential nonlinearity errors. Track and Hold: If a A/D has a track an hold, does not require an external Sample and Hold. The functionality is the same of a sample and hold Voltage Reference: Every accurate A/D system **must** have a rock solid voltage reference. output of A/D is dependenttwo inputs - inputmeasured andvoltage reference.Garbagein-Garbage out).Howeverratiometic measurements tolerate variation in reference voltage. system problems on A/D can be to either noisy Vref, varies with temperature, spikes, etc. Watchdog Mode: used to monitor an input's condition. interrupt signal generated if input matches preset condition. watchdog mode provide quick and accurate assessment of possible alarm condition. ======================ELECT_TERMS=================================== ACTIVE FILTER electronic filter combines active circuit with R and C ALGORITHM set rules for solving a problem. ALIAS FREQUENCY false lower frequency component appears in analog data reconstructed from original data digitized at insufficiently high sampling rate. AMBIENT LEVEL values signals and noise exist at test location when device under test is not active. AMPLITUDE MODULATION The process in which the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied according to a specific law. ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION The process that changes an analog signal into a digital magnitude value. ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC orA/D converter) circuit producesa digital directly proportional to analog signal input. ANECHOIC CHAMBER enclosure especially designed with walls that absorb sound or radiation, creating free-field environment for testing. ANTENNA device that radiates or receives radio waves. AREA ANALYSIS image-analysis technique that finds the area in an image that falls within range of specific gray levels. ARRAY ordered arrangement of information. ASPECT RATIO width-to-height ratio of a video picture. ASYNCHRONOUS action that takes place at an arbitrary time, without synchronization to a reference timer or clock. AVERAGING Mathematically smoothing results of several measurements by adding them and dividing by the number of samples. BACKGROUND programmed operations that take place without direct operator intervention; BALUN antenna-balancing device that matches a balanced or symmetrical load (a dipole antenna) to unbalanced load (a coaxialcable feed line). ("Balun" is derived from "balanced-to-unbalanced.") BAND-PASS FILTER filter that passes only those signal frequencies between two set frequencies. BIPOLAR (1) signal that includes positive and negative values. (2) A type of semiconductor BLOB connected region in image which all pixel same gray BRIGHTNESS value associated with a pixel that represents a gray value between black and white. BROADBAND EMISSION emission has spectral energy distribution is sufficiently broad, uniform, and continuous to ensure measuring receiver's response does not vary significantly over a given frequency range. CHROMINANCE color part of a video signal that defines the hue and saturation, but not the brightness or luminance, COLD-JUNCTION COMPENSATION An artificial reference level that compensates for ambient temperature in thermocouple circuits. COLLIMATE create light beam which all optical rays are parallel. COMMON-MODE REJECTION RATIO (CMRR) instrument's ability to reject interference from a signal is common to instrument's input terminals, but relative to ground. COMPOSITE SYNC video signal that contains horizontal sync pulses, vertical sync pulses, equalizing pulses only, with a no-signal referencelevel. COMPOSITE VIDEO composed of luminance (black and white), chrominance , blanking pulses, sync pulses,colorburst CONDUCTED EMISSION Electromagnetic energy propagated along conductor. energy called "conducted interference" if undesired. CONTRAST measure of brightness content in an image. High contrast implies mainly dark-black and bright-white content; low contrast implies a small spread of gray values. CONVERSION TIME time required from the moment a channel is interrogated to moment accurate data available. CONVOLUTION mathematical operation that filters images. COPROCESSOR processor that operates with the CPU to boost speed. For a digital signal processing (DSP) chip free CPU from repetitious math operations. COUNTER (1) software, a memory location used to store a count of certain occurrences. hardware, that counts events. COUNTERPOISE reference plane portion (grounded or ungrounded) of an unbalanced antenna. CROSS COUPLING coupling of a signal from one channel, circuit, or conductor to another, an undesired signal. CROSS MODULATION Modulation of a desired signal by an undesired signal. This is a special case of intermodulation. CROSSTALK phenomenon in which one or more signals interfere with another signal. CURRENT LOOP communications method that transmits data as current flow over long distances through environments with relatively high noise. DATA ACQUISITION Gathering infermation from sources such as sensors and transducers. DECIBEL logarithmic measure of the ratio of two signal levels: dB = 20*log(Voltage1/Voltage2) = 10*log(Power1/Power2), Variants on the decibel(dB) 1 V dBm absolute powerlevel referred to 1 mW DBe LEVEL difference referred to a carrier level, c. DBcHZ LEVEL Difference referred to carrier level calculated for a measurement bandwidth of 1 Hz. decoupling-neCwork circuit that prevents test signals applied to unit under test from affecting other devices, equipment, or systems not under test. degradation Anunwanted change in the performance not necessarily a malfunction or failure. digital-to-analog conversion The process the changes discrete values into a voltage or current. DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTER (DAC orD/Aconverter) A device that converts digital information into analog DIPOLE antenna made of a straight conductor (not longer than half a wavelength)divided at its electrical center and connected to a transmission line. DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS (DIVIA) direct transfer of information between computer's memory and a device while computer's CPU does something else. DRIVER Software controls specific hardware device, such as a data-acquisition board or a printer. DYNAMIC RANGE ratio full-scale range (FSR) of a data converter to smallest difference can resolve. (Dynamic range is generally expressed in decibels.) EDGE DETECTION locates an edge by examining an image for abrupt changes in pixel values. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) ability of electronic equipment to operate in environment without degradation caused by interference. ability equipment to operate without creating interference eventcounter circuit that counts occurrences of a certain condition. . FALSE COLOR Color added to an image to call attention to details that aren't readily perceptible or to create special effects. FAR FIELD region in which the power flux density from an antenna obeys the inverse-square law. For dipole distances beyond h/2 are far-field regions. FEATURE characteristic of an image or a region in an image. FEATURE EXTRACTION inspection, a technique that generates a set of descriptors or characteristic attributes from binaryimage. FIELD set either even or odd lines in interlaced video image. concept of field used when dealing with interlaced video display. large open site which testing take place. FIELD OF VIEW area of the object under view as represented at the focal plane of a camera. FIELD STRENGTH measurement of either the electric field or the magnetic field that is made in the far field. (Expressed V/m, A/m, or W/m.) FILTER selectively removes noise from a signal. include low-pass, band-pass, and high-pass types. Mathematical filters operate on data extract information enhance images. FIRMWARE program permanently recorded in ROM; it is effectively a piece of hardware that performs software functions. FLAW DETECTION image-analysis technique that examines an object for unwanted features of unknown shapes at unknown positions. FLOATING-POINT NUMBERS Numbers that contain decimal parts or are presented in scientific notation They are also known as "real" numbers. FOREGROUND the activity subject to direct operator intervention. Background activities running on computer simultaneously. FRAME total area of the picture that is scanned by a camera. FRAME GRABBER device that digitizes an image and stores it in a computer's memory. FRAME RATE frequency at which an image is completely updated on a display monitor. FRONT END preprocessor of information. GAUSSIAN FILTER filter for which a Gaussian curve, or bell curve, describes the passband characteristics. GRAY LEVEL brightness value assigned to a pixel; values range from black, through gray, to white. GRAY SCALE discrete gray levels that are defined for an imaging system or imaging software. 8-bit system, gray runs from 0 to 255. GROUND electrically neutral wire that has the same potential as surrounding earth. Normally, non-current-carrying c intended for safety. common reference point for an elect system. GROUND PLANE conducting surface or plate used as a common electrical reference point for circuits. HARMONIC DISTORTION (HD) A form of distortion in analog circuits that generates harmonics (signals whose frequencies integer of input signal).calculated as ratio of a single harmonic to level of the original signal. is related to total harmonic distortion (THD), ratio of sum of multiple harmonics to the level of the original signal. HEXADECIMAL base-l6 numbering system; 0-9, A-F. HIGH-PASSFILTER math operation that emphasizes details in an image. circuit attenuates low-frequency components in analog signal. HISTOGRAM graphical representation of the gray scale values found in an image. HORIZONAL BLANKING blanking signal that occurs at the end of each video scanning line. HORIZONTAL SYNC portion of a video signal that indicates the end of a line of video information. HUE distinction between colors. Red, blue, green, yellow are examples of hues. White, black, gray not hues, because they are intensities, not colors. IMAGE ANALYSIS technique extracts features and descriptions from images. IMAGE PROCESSING TRANSFORMING a source image into an improved image that supplies specific properties. IMMUNITY property of equipment that enables it to reject an electrical disturbance. IMPULSE electromagnetic pulse of short duration-shorter than one cycle at the highest frequency being considered. INPUT/OUTPUT(I/O) transfer of data from or to a computer system. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER (IA) An amplifier circuit with high impedance differential inputs and high common-mode rejection. INTERMODULATION mixing of two signals in a nonlinear device. This produces signals at frequencies are sum and difference of integral multiples of original signals. INTERRUPT signal requires immediate attention from computer's CPU. INTERRUPT HANDLER software routine that handles an interrupt's request for service. I/0 ADDRESS specific hardware circuit and software value that the CPU uses to distinguish betureen different boards in system. ISOLATION AMPLIFIER amplifier that provides electrically isolated inputs and outputs it amplify a differential signal superimposed on a high commonmode voltage. ISOLATION VOLTAGE voltage that an isolated circuit can normally withstand. Isolation voltage specified from input to input any input to the amplifier output. ISOTROPIC Having properties that have equal val LINE the coordinate that defines the vertical location of a pixel in an image. LINEARITY relationship ofa device's response to a straight line. LOW-PASS FILTER operation that blurs details in an image. attenuates the high frequency components in an analog siffnal. MACRO set of program steps combined bya user or programmer that act as a single and more powerful program step. MISMATCH nonideal coupling of two circuits. part of signal that does not pass through coupling gets reflected and leads measurement error. MONOCHROME An image represented by a single color. Generally, a monochrome image presented white on black background. MONOPOLE antenna that consists of a straight conductor usually one quarter of a wavelength long. A monopole is mounted immediately above, at right angle to, a ground plane. MONOTONICITY characteristic of a properly operating DAC in which the analog output increases as digital input to increases. MULTIPLEXER (mux) set of semiconductor or electromechanical switches arranged to select one of many inputs. NOISE Undesirable electrical interference to a signal. NOISE DISTORTION nonlinear behavior that circuits or devices exhibit when driven with a broadband noise signal. NTSC (National Television System Committee) 60-Hz standard for encoding color video signals. used in North America, Canada, Japan, and most of South America. NYQUIST SAMPLING THEOREM theorem establishes a relationship between sampling rates and ability to recreate data Nyquist's theorem states you sample a signal at rate f, sampled signal contain no information with frequency components above f/2. OPEN AREA open and flat test site which electromagnetic interference measurements are taken at which effects from power wires, buildings, and underground cables are negligible. Ambient radiation must be low enough to permit testing. OPTICAL ISOLATOR device that links two circuits through an optoelectronic transmitter and no direct electrical connection between two circuits. PAL (phase alternation line) 50-Hz composite color standard used Western Europe, India, China, Middle Eastern PASSIVE FILTER filtercircuit using only passive components such as resistors, capac PIXEL fundamental picture element in a digital image. (2) coordinate unit used define horizontal location ("Pixel" is an acronym for "picture element.") POLARIZATION orientation of the field vector in a radiated field. POLLING Around-robin canvassing of inputs to determine which ones are active. most cases, polling synchronized in software to a clock or external trigger. PORT communications connection on computer or remote . PROTOCOL rules that govern exact sequence of bits, bytes, and other information between communication systems or computers. QUANTIZING ERROR inherent uncertainty in digitizing an analog value that is caused by finite resolution of conversion process. Increasing resolution of an ADC reduces uncertainty. RADIO-FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE (RFI) High-frequency interference with radio reception. RANGE (1) maximum allowable full-scale signal (input or output) that yields a specified performance level. large place in which measurements take place. REGION OF INTEREST In inspection, the area inside defined boundaries of an image that you want to analyze. REPEATABILITY ability of an instrument to give same output or reading under repeated identical conditions. RESOLUTION smallest division which can be determined RGB three separate signals-red, green, and blue-transmit image information. RS-170 encoding standard for 60-Hz black-and-white television the standard for most monochrome video (S/H) SAMPLE AND HOLD acquires an analog voltage and stores it temporarily in a capacitor. as a sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA). SEEBECK EFFECT two junctions of two dissimilar metals. at different temperatures, a current flows. SENSITIVITY minimum change in an input signal that an instrument can detect. SETTLING TIME time required for that circuit's output to settle within a specified error band around the final value. (SNR) SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO ratio total signal to noise in decibels (dB). The larger the number, the better. by SNR = 20*1og(SignalRMs /NoiseRMs). A related unit is the signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD) ratio of input signal to the sum of noise and harmonics: SINAD = 20*1og(SignalRMs /(Noise + Harmonics)RMs) SIMULTANEOUS SAMPLE AND HOLD A data-acquisition technique in which several sample-and-hold circuits sample several analog channels simultaneously. SPIKE transient disturbance of electrical circuit caused by, example, load variations on the AC power line. STABILITY ability of an instrument or sensor to maintain a consistent output when a constant input is applied. SUBPIXEL RESOLUTION Any imaging technique that can yield a measurement with a spatial resolution of less than one pixel. SUCCESSIVE- APPROXIMATION ADCs that sequentially compares progressive smaller binary-weighted values analog input to produce an output digital word. SURGE sudden change in voltage on power line. A surge is similar to a spike, but it lasts longer. SUSCEPTIBILITY electronic equipment that permits undesirable responses when the equipment is subjected to electromagnetic radiation. SYNC portion of video signal indicates either end of field or a line of video information. THROUGHPUT RATE maximum repetitive rate which a data-conversion system can operate with a specified accuracy. TIME STAMP Information added to a unit of data to indicate time at which it was processed. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD) See harmonic distortion. VERTICAL SYNC portion of a video signal that indicates the end of a field of video information. sync pulse used to maintain field synchronization with incoming video . VIDEO encoder A device that converts RGB video to composite video. (VFC) VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTER converts an analog input voltage into digital pulses with frequency that is proportional to the input voltage. active filter electronic filter operational amplifiers, with resistors and capacitors. Typically, active filters alias frequency false lower frequency component insufficiently high sampling rate. ambient level values of signals and noise that exist at test location when DUT not active. amplitude modulation amplitude of carrier wave is varied analog-to-digital conversion changes analog signal into digital value. anechoic chamber An enclosure especially designed with walls A/D analog-to-digital ADC analog-to-tligital conver´ter ADPCM adaptive differential pulse-code modulation AFC automatic frequency control AGC automatic gain control AHDL analog hardware descriptive language AMLCD active-matrix liquid crystal display ANSI American National Standards Institute AOI automated optical inspection AQL acceptable quality level ARET accelerated l´eliability enhancement testing ARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc. ASCII American (National)Standard Code Information Interchange ASQC Amel´ican Society of Quality Control ATE automatic test equipment ATG autornatic test generation ATM asynchponous transfer mode ATPG automatic test program (or pattern) generator AWG l)American wire gauge 2) arbitrary waveform generator balun balanced-to-unbalanced transformer BDD binary decision diagram BER bit error rate BERT bit error rate tester BGA ball-grid array B-ISDN broadband inteffrated sey´vices digital network BIST built-in self-test BIT built-in test BITE built-in test equipment BNC baby "N" connector BPSK binary phase-shift keying BS boundary scan BSDL Boundary-Scan Description Language CAD computer-aided design CAE computer-aided engineering CAMAC I computer-automatecl measurement and control CAT computer-aided test CCD charge-coupled device CCITT I Consultative Committee Intern Telephone and Telegraph CDMA I code division multiple access CFC 1) current-to-frequency converter 2) chlorofluorocarbon CIIL Common Instrument (Control Intermediate) Interface Lang CMR common-mode rejection CMRR common-mode rejection ratio C1MV common-mode voltage CMVR common-mode voltage ratio CODEC coder-decoder COTS commercial off-the-shelf cps cycles per second CPS characters per second CPU central processing unit CRC c3iclic redundancy check CSMA/CD carrier sense multiple access/collision detection CW continuous wave D/A digital-to-analog DAC tliRital-to-analog converter DAQ data acyuisition DAS data-accluisition system dB decibel dBm clK power(l mW into a 600-´lload) DBPSK differential-binary phase-shift keying DC direct current DCE tlata communications eyuipment DCT discrete cosine transform DDE dynamic data exchange DDS direct digital synthesis DFM clesiffn for manufacturability DFT 1) desiffn for test 2) tliscrete Fourier transform DIN Deutsche Industrie Normenausschuss German standards a DIG digital input/output DIP dual in-line package DLL dynamic link library DR´IA direct memory access D´M dig´ital multimeter DNL differential nonlinearity DPM digital panel meter DQPSK differential quadrature phase-shift keying DRAM dynamic random access memory DSO digital sampling (or storage) oscilloscope DSP diffital signal processoy´ (or processing) DTE data terminal equipment DTMF dual-tone multiple fi´eyuency DUT device under test DVM digital voltmeter EDA electronic design automation EDIF Electronic Design Interchange Format ELA Electronic Industries Association EISA extended industry standard architecture PC bus) EMC electromagnetic compatibility EMF electromagnetic field EMI electromagnetic interference EMF electromagnetic pulse E0 electro-optical, electro-optic EPLD erasable pl-offrammable logic device EPROM erasable pl´ogrammable read-only memory ESD electrostatic discharge ESDA electronic system design automation ESR equivalent series resistance ESS 1) environmental stress screening 2) electianic switching system ETS equivalent time sampling EUT equipment under test FCC Federal Communications Commission FDDI fiber distributed data interface FDMA frequency-division multiple access FET field-effect transistop FFT fast Fourier transform FIFO first-in,first-out FIR finite impulse response (filter) FIT 1) fault isolation test 2) failures in time (testing-) FM fi-equency modulation FPGA field-progr´ammable gate array FS full scale FSK frequency-shift keying FN frequency-to-voltaffe FTP File ´ansfer Protocol(Internet) GFSK Gaussian fr´eyuency-shift keying GIF graphic image file GRISK Gaussian-filtered minimum-shift keying GPIB general purpose interface bus GPS Global Positioning S;ystem GSM GY´oupe Speciale Mobile (or Global System for Mobile ('ommunications) GUI graphical user interface HALT highl3' accelerated life test HASS highly accelerated stress screening HAST highly accelerated stress test HEM human body model HF high heyuency (3 MHz to 30 MHz) hipot high-otential HV high voltage Hz Hel'tz IA instrument amplifier IC integrated circuit ICE in-circuit emulator IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IES Institute of Environmental Sciences IF intermediate frequency IFT inverse fast Fourier transform IIR infinite impulse response (filter) IMD intermodulation distortion INL integral nonlinearity Y0 input/output IPC InstituteInterconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuit IR infrared radiation IRQ interruptrequest ISA (1) Instrument Society of America (2) Industry Standard Architecture (PC bus) ISDN integrated services digital network ISHM International Society for HybridMicroelectronics ISO International Organization for Standardization JEDEC Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council JTAG Joint Test Action Group KGD known-good die laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation LCC leadless chip carrier LCD liquid crystal display LED light-emitting diode LF low frequency (30 kHz to 300 kHz) LRU line replaceable unit LSB least significant bit LSI large-scale integration LSSD level-sensitive scan design LUT look-uptable MCC 1Llicroelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (formerly Microelectronics and Computer Consortium) MCM multichip module MDA manufacturing-defects analyzer MFP mini flat pack MMI man-machine interface MMIC monolithic microwave integrated circuit MOSFET metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group R´IPU microprocessor unit MSB most significant bit MSI medium-scale integration MSK minimum-shift keying MTBF mean time between failures IMTTR mean time to repair MUX multiplexer MXI multiplatform extension for instrumentation NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association NEP noise equivalent power NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NMRR normal-mode rejection ratio NRE nonrecuning engineering NRZ nonreturn to zero NVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program OEM original equipment manufacturer OQPSK offset-quadrature phase-shift keying 0S operating system OTDR optical time-domain reflectometer PCB printed circuit board PCBA printed circuit board assembly PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card Interna-tional Association PDEF physical design exchange format PDH plesiochronous-digital hierarchy FF power factor PGA pin-grid array PID proportional integral-differentia1 PLCC plastic leadless chip carrier PLD programmable logic device PLL phase-locked loop POTS plain old telephone service P´P peak to peak PQFP plastic quad flat pack PRF pulse repetition frequency PRN pseudorandom noise PS power spectrum PSD power spectral density PSTN public switched telephone network PWB printed wiring board PWBA printed wiring board assembly PWM pulse-width modulation &A quality assurance QAIM quadrature amplitude modulation QC quality control QML qualified manufacturers list QPL qualified part (or product) list QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying QTAG Quality Test Action Group RAM random access memory RC resistor-capacitor RCVR receiver RF radio frequency RFI radio-frequency interference RGB red-green-blue R´S root mean square ROM read-only memory 1) real time 2) risetime EtTD resistance temperature device ItTOS real-time operating system WI´S request to send SA spectrum analyzer SEC single-board computer SCPI Standard Commands Programmable Instruments (IEEE 488.2) SCSI Small Computer Standard Interface SDH synchronous digital hierarchy SDLC synchronous data link control SECAM sequential color and memory SEn´l scanning electron microscope SEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Material International Ass SFDR spurious-free dynamic range S/H sample and hold SHA sample-and-hold amplifier SIR Semiconductor Industry Association SID Society for Information Display SIM1M single in-line memory module SINAD signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio SIP single in-line package SLAM scanning laser acoustic microscope SLIC subscriber-line interface circuit SMART stress marginality and accelerated reliabilitytesting SMD surface-mount device SMT surface-mount technology SNR signal-to-noise ratio SOIC small-outline integrated circuit SONET synchronous optical network SOT small-outline transistor SPC statistical process control SPICE simulation program with integrated circuitemphasis SPM scanning-probe microscope sps samples per second SQC statistical quality control SQFP shrink quad flat pack SQPSK staggered quadrature phase-shift keying SRAM static random-access memory SSB single sideband SSOP shrink small-outline package STEIM scanning transmission electron microscope STP shielded twisted pair STRIFE stress and life SWEAT standard wafer-level electromigration acceler-ated test swR standing wave ratio TAB tape automated bonding TBGA tape ball-grid array TC 1) temperature coefficient 2)thermocouple TCO total cost of ownership TCP/IP transmissioncontrolprotocoUInternet protocol TDIM time division multiplexer TDR time-domain relectometer TE´ 1) transverse electromagnetic mode 2) transmission electron microscope T/H track and hold THD total harmonic distortion TIA Telecommunications Industry Association TISSS Tester Independent Software Support System ADC analog-to-tligital conver´ter ADPCM adaptive differential pulse-code modulation AFC automatic frequency control AGC automatic gain control AHDL analog hardware descriptive language AMLCD active-matrix liquid crystal display ANSI American National Standards Institute AOI automated optical inspection AQL acceptable quality level ARET accelerated l´eliability enhancement testing ARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc. ASCII American (National) Standard Code for Information Interchange ASQC Amel´ican Society of Quality Control ATE automatic test equipment ATG autornatic test generation ATM asynchponous transfer mode ATPG automatic test program (or pattern) generator AWG l)American wire gauge 2) arbitrary waveform generator balun balanced-to-unbalanced transformer BDD binary decision diagram BER bit error rate BERT bit error rate tester BGA ball-grid array B-ISDN broadband inteffrated sey´vices digital network BIST built-in self-test BIT built-in test BITE built-in test equipment BNC baby "N" connector BPSK binary phase-shift keying BS boundary scan BSDL Boundary-Scan Description Language CAD computer-aided design CAE computer-aided engineering CAMAC I computer-automatecl measurement and control CAT computer-aided test CCD charge-coupled device CCITT I Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraph CDMA I code division multiple access CFC 1) current-to-frequency converter 2) chlorofluorocarbon CIIL Common Instrument (Control Intermediate) Interface Lang CMR common-mode rejection CMRR common-mode rejection ratio CMV common-mode voltage CMVR common-mode voltage ratio CODEC coder-decoder COTS commercial off-the-shelf cps cycles per second CPS characters per second CPU central processing unit CRC c3iclic redundancy check CSMA/CD carrier sense multiple access/collision detection CW continuous wave D/A digital-to-analog DAC tliRital-to-analog converter DAQ data acyuisition DAS data-accluisition system dB decibel dBm clK power(l mW into a 600-´lload) DBPSK differential-binary phase-shift keying DC direct current DCE tlata communications eyuipment DCT discrete cosine transform DDE dynamic data exchange DDS direct digital synthesis DFM clesiffn for manufacturability DFT 1) desiffn for test 2) tliscrete Fourier transform DIN Deutsche Industrie Normenausschuss German standards agency) DIG digital input/output DIP dual in-line package DLL dynamic link library DMA direct memory access DMM dig´ital multimeter DNL differential nonlinearity DPM digital panel meter DQPSK differential quadrature phase-shift keying DRAM dynamic random access memory DSO digital sampling (or storage) oscilloscope DSP diffital signal processoy´ (or processing) DTE data terminal equipment DTMF dual-tone multiple fi´eyuency DUT device under test DVM digital voltmeter EDA electronic design automation EDIF Electronic Design Interchange Format ELA Electronic Industries Association EISA extended industry standard architecture (PC bus) EMC electromagnetic compatibility EMF electromagnetic field EMI electromagnetic interference EMF electromagnetic pulse E0 electro-optical, electro-optic EPLD erasable pl-offrammable logic device EPROM erasable pl´ogrammable read-only memory ESD electrostatic discharge ESDA electronic system design automation ESR equivalent series resistance ESS 1) environmental stress screening 2) electianic switching system ETS equivalent time sampling EUT equipment under test FCC Federal Communications Commission FDDI fiber distributed data interface FDMA frequency-division multiple access FET field-effect transistop FFT fast Fourier transform FIFO first-in,first-out FIR finite impulse response (filter) FIT 1) fault isolation test 2) failures in time (testing-) FM frequency modulation FPGA field-progr´ammable gate array FS full scale FSK frequency-shift keying FN frequency-to-voltaffe FTP File ´ansfer Protocol(Internet) GFSK Gaussian fr´eyuency-shift keying GIF graphic image file GRISK Gaussian-filtered minimum-shift keying GPIB general purpose interface bus GPS Global Positioning S;ystem GSM Groupe Speciale Mobile (or Global System for Mobile ('ommunications) GUI graphical user interface HALT highly' accelerated life test HASS highly accelerated stress screening HAST highly accelerated stress test HBM human body model HF high heyuency (3 MHz to 30 MHz) hipot high-potential HV high voltage Hz Hertz IA instrument amplifier IC integrated circuit ICE in-circuit emulator IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IES Institute of Environmental Sciences IF intermediate frequency IFT inverse fast Fourier transform IIR infinite impulse response (filter) IMD intermodulation distortion INL integral nonlinearity I/0 input/output IPC Institute Interconnecting and Packaging Electr Circuits IR infrared radiation IRQ interruptrequest ISA 1) Instrument Society of America 2) Industry Standard Architecture (PC bus) ISDN integrated services digital network ISHM International Society for Hybrid Microelectronics ISO International Organization for Standardization JEDEC Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council JTAG Joint Test Action Group KGD known-good die laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation LCC leadless chip carrier LCD liquid crystal display LED light-emitting diode LF low frequency (30 kHz to 300 kHz) LRU line replaceable unit LSB least significant bit LSI large-scale integration LSSD level-sensitive scan design LUT look-uptable MCC Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (formerly Microelectronics and Computer Consortium) MCM multichip module MDA manufacturing-defects analyzer MFP mini flat pack MMI man-machine interface MMIC monolithic microwave integrated circuit MOSFET metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group MPU microprocessor unit MSB most significant bit MSI medium-scale integration MSK minimum-shift keying MTBF mean time between failures MTTR mean time to repair MUX multiplexer MXI multiplatform extension for instrumentation NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association NEP noise equivalent power NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NMRR normal-mode rejection ratio NRE nonrecuning engineering NRZ nonreturn to zero NVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program OEM original equipment manufacturer OQPSK offset-quadrature phase-shift keying 0S operating system OTDR optical time-domain reflectometer PCB printed circuit board PCBA printed circuit board assembly PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PDEF physical design exchange format PDH plesiochronous-digital hierarchy FF power factor PGA pin-grid array PID proportional integral-differentia1 PLCC plastic leadless chip carrier PLD programmable logic device PLL phase-locked loop POTS plain old telephone service p-p peak to peak PQFP plastic quad flat pack PRF pulse repetition frequency PRN pseudorandom noise PS power spectrum PSD power spectral density PSTN public switched telephone network PWB printed wiring board PWBA printed wiring board assembly PWM pulse-width modulation QA quality assurance QAM quadrature amplitude modulation QC quality control QML qualified manufacturers list QPL qualified part (or product) list QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying QTAG Quality Test Action Group RAM random access memory RC resistor-capacitor RCVR receiver RF radio frequency RFI radio-frequency interference RGB red-green-blue RMS root mean square ROM read-only memory RT 1) real time 1 2) risetime RTD 1 resistance temperature device RTOS 1 real-time operating system RTS 1 request to send SA spectrum analyzer SEC single-board computer SCPI Standard Commands ProgrammableInstruments (IEEE 488.2) SCSI Small Computer Standard Interface SDH synchronous digital hierarchy SDLC synchronous data link control SECAM sequential color and memory SEM scanning electron microscope SEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Material Inte Association SFDR spurious-free dynamic range S/H sample and hold SHA sample-and-hold amplifier SIR Semiconductor Industry Association SID Society for Information Display SIMM single in-line memory module SINAD signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio SIP single in-line package SLAM scanning laser acoustic microscope SLIC subscriber-line interface circuit SMART stress marginality and accelerated reliability testing SMD surface-mount device SMT surface-mount technology SNR signal-to-noise ratio SOIC small-outline integrated circuit SONET synchronous optical network SOT small-outline transistor SPC statistical process control SPICE simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis SPM scanning-probe microscope sps samples per second SQC statistical quality control SQFP shrink quad flat pack SQPSK staggered quadrature phase-shift keying SRAM static random-access memory SSB single sideband SSOP shrink small-outline package STEIM scanning transmission electron microscope STP shielded twisted pair STRIFE stress and life SWEAT standard wafer-level electromigration accelerated test SWR standing wave ratio TAB tape automated bonding TBGA tape ball-grid array TC 1) temperature coefficient 2)thermocouple TCO total cost of ownership TCP/IP transmissioncontrolprotocoUInternet protocol TDM time division multiplexer TDR time-domain relectometer TEM 1) transverse electromagnetic mode 2) transmission electron microscope T/H track and hold THD total harmonic distortion TIA Telecommunications Industry Association TISSS Tester Independent Software Support System TPQFP test-pad quad flat pack TQFP thin quad flat pack TQM total quality management TSOP thin small-outline package TTL transistor-transistorlogic TTY teletypewriter TUR test uncertainty ratio TUV Technische Uberwachungs-Verein German test lab) UHF ultra-high frequency (300 MHz to 3 GHz) UL Underwriters Laboratories UPS uninterruptible power supply UTP unshielded twisted pair UUT unit under test W ultraviolet VA volt-ampere VAC volts alternating current VAR 1) volt-ampere reactive 2) value-added reseller VB Visual Basic (software) VEX Visual Basic extension VCO voltage-controlled oscillator VDC volts direct current VFC voltage-to-frequency converter VHDL VHSIC Hardware Description Language VHF verv hi´h freauencv (30 kHz to 300 MHz´ VHSIC very high speed integrated circuit VISA Virtual Instrument Software Architecture VLF very low frequency (below 30 kHz) VLSI very large-scale integration VMEbus versatile modular E-bus (formerly VersaModule, European) Vp-p peak to peak voltage VSOP very small outline package VSWR voltage standing-wave ratio VTVM vacuum tube voltmeter VXIbus VMEbus extension for instrumentation XMTR transmitter ZIF zero-insertion-force AAM Area Administrative Manager ABC Activity Based Costing ABD America's Business Div, domestic regional business center ABIC Advanced Bi-CMOS ABM Activity Based Managememt ABP Advanced Bus Products. ABS Anti-lock Braking System ABT Advanced BiCMOS TTL, mix variable by vendor AC Advanced CMOS with CMOS-level input threshold ACA Assigned Corporate Account ACC Accumulator Accuracy Control Character ACCORD Automated Customer Communications Real-time Debits ACL Advanced CMOS Logic, TI's version of FACT ACLV AutoCLaVe (REL test) ACM Association for Computing Machinery ACMOS Advanced CMOS ACQ FACT Quiet Series with CMOS-level input threshold ACT Advanced CMOS with TTL-level input threshold (NOT bipolar) ACTQ FACT Quiet Series CMOS-level input threshold (NOT bipolar) ACU Airborne Control Unit AD Area Director ADAM Assigned Distributor Account ADC Analog to Digital Controller ADP Automatic Data Processing ADSM Area Distributor Sales Manager AES Auger Electron Spectroscopy AF Audio Frequency AI Artificial Intelligence ALIC Advanced Linear Integrated Circuit ALR Assembly Level Reliability ALS Advanced Low Power Schottky Logic AMG Alternating Metal Ground AMHS Automated Material Handling Systems AMM After Market Manufacturer AMR Automated remote Meter Reading AND Advanced Network Devices ANSI American National Standard Institute AOP Annual Operating Plan, superseded by SBP1 AOPU Annual Operating Plan Update, superseded by SBP2 AOQL Average Outgoing Quality Level AP Asia Pacific APL Approved Product List APICS American Production and Inventory Control Society APM Advanced Power Management APPG Automatic Pad Placement Generator APQ All Parts Qualified (date) AQL Acceptance Quality Level AQP Advance Quality Planning ARAM Audio RAM (defective DRAM) AP/PO Accounts Payable/Purchase Order ARO After Receipt of Order ARP Address Resolution Protocol AS Advanced Schottky ASAP As Soon As Possible ASCII American Standard code for Information Interchange ASD Analog Software Development; Analytical Software Dev ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit ASIM Application Specific Integrated Module ASIP Advanced System and Interface Product ASN Advanced Shipping Notice ASP Average Selling Price ASPC Automated Semiconductor Planning and Control ASQC American Society for Quality Control ASSP Application Specific Standard Parts ASSY ASSemblY ATE Automated Test Equipment ATM Area Technical Manager ATS Available To Sell ATSP Application Targeted System Prod AT&T Quality Registrar AVI Audio Video Interleaved AWB AirWayBill AWS Alternative Work Schedule B/L Backlog BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BBS Bulletin Board System BC Business Center BCAE Business Center Applications Engineer BCD Binary Coded Decimal BCM Business Center Manager BCME Business Center Marketing Engineer BCP Biphase Communications Processor BCT BiCMOS TTL, mix of bipolar and CMOS depends on vendor BCU Business Center Unit BE Break Even BEM Building Emergency Manager BI Burn-In BIC Best In Class BiCMOS Part Bipolar, Part CMOS, percent mix variable BiFET Bipolar Field Effect Transistor BIOS Basic Input/Output BIST Built In Self Test BOE Buffered Oxide Etch BOF Business Opportunity Forecast BOM Business Office Manager BP Business Planning BPP Biased Pressure Pot = Biased ACLV BPS Bit Per Second BPSG Boron Phosphor Silicate Glass BS Build Sheet BUM Business Unit Manager BTL Backplane Transceiver Logic, bipolar process BTW By The Way CA Corrective Action CAC Career Action Center CAD Computer Aided Design CAE Computer Aided Engineering CAI Computer Aided Instruction CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing CAM Content Addressable Memory CAN Car Area Network CAPS Commute Alternative Program System CAO Chief Administrative Officer CASE Computer-aided Software Engineering CAT Corporate Action Team (to analyze Employee Survey Results) CATV Cable Television C & C Communications and Computing (Division) C&T Computing & Telecommunications CBD Coefficient of Bureaucratic Drag CBI Critical Business Issue CBS Corporate Business Systems CBT Computer Based Testing C of C Certificate of Compliance CCD Charge Coupled Device CCG Communications and Computing Group CCIM Corporate CIM CCM Configurable Controller Methodology CCV Closed Circuit Voltage CD Collision Detection CDA Clean Dry Air; Corporate Design Automation CDE Common Design Environment CDF Customer Drawing File CDI Compact Disk Interactive CDROM Compact Disc Read Only Memory CEG Computer Enchancement Group CEO Chief Executive Officer C & F Cost and Freight CFAP Customer Forecasting Automation Process CFO Chief Financial Officer CGI Common Gateway Interface CHD Corporate Help Desk CHIPS Center for Health Improvement and Personal Success CIA Cash In Advance CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturer CIRM Certification in Integrated Resource Management CIS Contact Image Sensor CISC Complex Instruction Set Computing CLASIC Custom Linear ASIC CLAY Configureable Logic Array CLD Custom Logic Device CLIC Consumer Linear Integrated Circuit ( NSC product group) CM Configuration Management CMF Customer Master File CMIP Common Management Information Protocol CMOS Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon CMR Customer Material Return CMS Conversational Monitor System CMYK Cyan-Magenta_Yellow_Key (usually black) CODEC COmpressor/DECompressor COMETS Comprehensive On-line Manu Engineering Tracking System COO Chief Operations Officer COP Calculator On Processor COS Cost Of Sales COT Customer Owned Tooling CP Control Program CPC Central Production Control CPD Power Dissipation Capacitance CPE Customer Premise Equipment CPK Process Capability Index CPL Certified Parts List; Customer Product List CPM Critical Path Method; Corporate Product Manager CPN Customer Part Number CPR Continued Processing Request CPS Corporate Planning System; Customer Profile System CPU Central Processing Unit CQF Customer Qualification Form CRC Customer Response Center CRD Customer Return Debits; Customer Request Date CRS Capacity Reservation System; Channel Reservation System CRT Cathode Ray Tube CS Customer Service CSC Customer Support Center CSD Contract Sales Debits; Current Schedule Date CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access and Collision Detection CSP Contract Sales Price; Customer Specific Product CSTF Corporate Strategy Task Force CT Cold Test; Cycle Time; Computer Tomography ( CAT) CTC Career Transition Center CTG Corporate Technology Group CTM Customer CTP Customer Tooled Products; CustomTechnologies & Products CUBA CUstomer Base Analysis CTO Chief Technical Officer CY Calendar Year CYA Cover Your Assets CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition CVP Cooperative Vendor Program DA Design Automation DAC Digital to Analog Converter DAM Digital Answering Machine DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (US government) DAS Device Analysis Services; Data Acquisition System DASK Digital Implementation for Amplitude Shift Keying DAT Digital Audio Tape DBI Database Interface DBU Distribution Business Unit DCE Data Communication Equipment DCF Document Composition Facility DD Defect Density DDI Direct Data Interface DDS Device Detail Sheet DE Design Engineering DEC Digital Equipment Corporation DECT Digital European Cordless Telecommunications DESC Defense Electronic Supply Commission DFT Design For Test DHTL Dynamic High Temp. Life (OPL) DI Develop Inspect DLM Dual Layer Metal DIP Dual In-line Package DIW Distributed Inside Wire DMA Direct Memory Access DMD Data Management Group DNA Digital Network Architecture DNI SunMicrosystem DECnet-compatible products DNR Dynamic Noise Reduction DOA Dead On Arrival DOD Department Of Defense (US government) DOE Design Of Experiments DOS Disk Operating System for personal computer DP Data Processing DPI Data Processing Interface DPS Desktop Personal Systems DPW Die Per Wafer DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DRC Design Rules Check DSM Distributor Sales Manager DS Data Sheet; Development System DSO Distributor Sales Out (resales) DSP Digital Signal Processor DTAM Distribution Total Available Market DTE Data Terminal Equipment DTP Data grade unshielded Twisted Pair; Data TransProducts DTP Desk Top Publishing DUT Device Under Test DWF Die in Wafer Form EAO European Automotive Operations EAP Employee Assistance Program EB East Bangkok assembly & test facility EBIC Electron Beam Induced Current EBS Electronic Build Sheet EC&I Embedded Controllers & Imaging ECC Engineering Computer Center ECD Embedded Control Division ECG Embedded Control Group ECL Emitter-Coupled Logic, bipolar process ECLIPS Motorola's Advanced ECL ECN Engineering Change Notice EDA Electronic Design Automation EDB Engineering Data Base EDI Electronic Data Interchange EDIF Electronic Data Interchange Format EDN Electronic Design News EDP Electronic Data Processing EDS Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy EDX Energy Dispersive X_ray Spectroscopy EEPROM Electronically Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory EF Early Failure EFR Early Failure Rate EI Environmental Improvement EIA Electronics Industries Association EIAJ Electronics Industries Association of Japan EISA Electronics Industry Standard Architecture ELF Extremely Low Frequency EM Mallaca, Malaysia; ElectroMigration EMAIL Electronic Mail EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EMI Electromagnetic Interference EMS Emission Microscope System EMU EMUlator EOF End Of Field EOL End of Life; End of Line EON Engineering Order Number EOS Electrical OverStress EP EndPoint EPROM Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory EPS Earnings Per Share EPU Evaluation and Programming Unit EQR Electronic Industries Quality Registrar ERC Engineering Response Center ERDM Electronic Reliability Data Management ESA Enterprise Systems Architecture ESCA Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis ESD Electro Static Discharge; Embedded Systems Division ERT Emergency Response Team ESF Executive Strategic Forum ESS Environmental Stress Screening ET Electric Test (before WS) ETA Estimated Time of Arrival ETD Estimated Time of Departure ETS Educational Testing Society EUR EURope F100K Fairchild 100K ECL Logic FA Failure Analysis FAB FABrication (Plant) FACT Fairchild Advanced CMOS Technology FAE Field Applications Engineer FAQ Frequently Asked Question FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board FAT Functionality Application Test FAX Facsimile FCC Federal Communications Commission FCS Frame Check Sequence FCST ForeCaST FCT FAST CMOS with TTL-level input threshold (NOT bipolar) FCTA Higher speed version of FCT FCTB AMD29c8xx equivalent FCT FDC Floppy Disk Controller FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface FEA Finite Element Analysis FEP Front End Processor FET Field Effect Transistor FFF Form, Fit, and Function FIBS Focused Ion Beam System FIFO First in First Out FISH First In, Still Here FIT Failures In Time per billion operating device-hours) FLA Four Letter Acronym; Five Letter Acronym FMC Field Marketing Center; Fixed Manufacturing Costs FMEA Failure Mode Effect Analysis FMM Field Marketing Manager FOB Free On Board FOX Field OXide FPA Floating Point Accelerator FPLA Field Programmable Logic Array FRC Fairchild Research Center FRP Fast Reaction Program FRU Field Replaceable Unit FS Field Sales FSE Field Sales Engineer FT Final Test; Fast Test; Feed Through FTA Field Target Account FTP File Transfer Protocol FUD Fear, Uncertainty, Doubt FY Fiscal Year FYA For Your Amusement FYI For Your Information G&A General and Administrative GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GaAS Galluim Arsenide GAL General Array Logic GDW Gross Die per Wafer GE GErmany GIC Guaranteed Investment Contract GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out GIF Graphic Interchange Format GIP Group Incentive Plan GL General Ledger GLT Guaranteed Lead Time GM Gross Margin GMC Global Marketing Council GML Generalized Markup Language GNP Gross National Product GOP Gross Operating Profit GOS Gate Oxide Short GP Gross Profit GPIB General Purpose Instrument Bus GPM Gross Profit Margin GPO General Post Office GT Greater Than GTO Gradual Turn-On (circuit for reducing ground bounce) GUI Graphical User Interface GV Geometry Verification HAST Highly Accelerated Stress Test HAWB House AirWayBill HC High-speed CMOS with CMOS-level input threshold HCMOS High-speed CMOS HCT High-speed CMOS with TTL-level input thresh(NOTbipolar) HDL High Level Design Language HDTV High Definition Television HLL High Level Language HMMP Hazardous Material Management Plan HP Hewlett Packard HPC High Performance Controller; High Performance Contacts HPS High Performance System HR Human Resources HRD Human Resource Development HT Hot Test HTH Hope This Helps HTML HyperText Markup Language HTRB High Temperature Reverse Bias HTSL High Temperature Storage Life HTTP HperText Transport Protocol HV High Voltage HVAC Heating, Venting, and Air Conditioning; High Voltage AC Current HW HardWare IBE International Business Element IBEM Intermediate Business Element Manager IBG International Business Group IBM International Business Machines IBR International Business Review IC Integrated Circuit ICC Power Supply Current ICCD Dynamic Power Dissipation Current (given in mA/MHz) ICCT Additional ICC (IDD) due to CMOS input at TTL level ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol ICR Intelligent Character Recognition ICT In-Circuit Tester ICU Intensive Care Unit IDB Integrated Database IDD Power Supply Current (MOS) IDE Integrated Drive Electronics IDS Integrated Diagnostic System IEE Power Supply Current ECL IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers I/F Interface IIH Input Current High IIL Input Current Low IIN Input Leakage Current(if IIH=IIL) IIT Integrated Information Technology ILD Inner Layer Dielectric IMHO In My Humble Opinion IMNSHO In My NOT SO Humble Opinion INN InterNational News IO Input-Output IOH Output Current High IOHD Dynamic IOH (used ti guarantee CMOS line driving) IOL Output Current Low IOLD Dynamic IOL (used to guarantee CMOS line driving) IOS Output Short Circuit Current IOZ Output Current Tristate IOZT I/O Current Tristate for Transceiver IP Internet Protocol IPG Innovative Products Group IR InfraRed IrDA Infrared Data Association IRQ Interrupt Request Line IRR Internal Rate of Return IS Information Systems ISA Internal Sales Administrator ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISE In System Emulator ISG Information Systems Group ISIR Initial Sample Information Report ISO International Standards Organization ISP Internet Service Provider I/T In Transit ITR Inspection Trouble Report IVHS Intelligent Vehicle Highway System JANS Joint Army Navy Space JAP JAPan JEDEC Joint Electrical Defense Engineering Council JETAG Joint European Test Action Group JFET Junction Field Effect Transistor JIT Just In Time JMI Johnson Matthey Incorporated JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group JV Journal Voucher KEIP Key Employee Incentive Program KGD Known Good Die LA Lot Acceptance LAN Local Area Network LAT Lot Acceptance Test LC Letter of Credit LCC Leadless Chip Carrier = LLCC LCD Liquid Crystal Display LD LeaD LDCC LeaDed Chip Carrier LDO Low-Dropout Regulator LED Light Emitting Diode LERIC Lite Repeater Interface Controller LIFO Last In, First Out LLC Logical Link Control LLCC LeadLess Chip Carrier LNA Low Noise Amplifier LOA Leave Of Absence LOTS Lot Order Tracking System (tracks WIP) LP Late Programming LPCVD Low Pressure CVD LRT Lab Resource Team LSB Least Significant Bit LS/LPS Low Power Schottky Logic LSI Large Scale Integration L/T LeadTime LT Long Term; Less Than LTO Low Temperature Oxide LVS Layout Versus Schematic MA Market Analysis MAC Media Access Control MACSI Media Access Controller and System Interface MAN Metropolitan Area Network MAPL Multiple Array Programmable Logic MARCOMM MARketing COMMunications MAU Multi-station Access Unit MAWB Master AirWayBill MBA Master of Business Administration MBO Management By Objectives MBNQA Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award MBPS Megabits Per Second MBWA Management By Walking Around MCA Micro Channel Architecture MCC Microelectronics and Computing Consortium MCP Multi-Chip Package MCR Materials Characterization Repository MCT Micro Component Technology MECL Motorola ECL MER Material Engineering Requisition M&L Materials & Logistics MET Master Edit Table MFG ManuFacturinG MFM Major Failure Mode MH Midgel Haemek MILAERO MILitary, AEROspace MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension MIPS Million Instructions Per Second MIR Managing Interpersonal Relationships MIS Management Information System MIWU Multi-Input WakeUp MMU Memory Management Unit MOLE Microcontroller On-Line Emulator MORE Migrate Onwards to Real Expectations MOS Metal-Oxide-Silicon, type of transistor structure MOSFET Metal-Oxide-Silicon Field Effect Transistor MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group MPD Memory Products Division MPL Master Price List MPO Master Purchase Order MPU Microprocessor Unit MRC Manufacturing Release Checklist MS Mail Stop MSDOS Microsoft's Disk Operating System MSA Measurement System Analysis MSB Most Significant Bit MSC Marketing Status Code MSP Military Special Products MSI Medium Scale Integration MT Medium Term MTBF Mean Time Between Failures MTS Member of Technical Staff MTTR Mean Time To Repair MVS Multiple Virtual Storage MUX Multiplexer NABC North America Business Center NAD North America Division NDW Net Die per Wafer NAUs Network Addressable Units NBP New Business Plan NBS National Bureau of Standards NCSA National center for Supercomputing Applications NCP Network Control Program NDA Non-Disclosure Agreement NET Network Equipment Technologies NETBIOS Network Basic Input/Output NGP Next General Product, internal code for advanced BiCMOS NFARS Network File Access Routines NFC Need For Change NFS Network File System NFT Network File Transfer NIC Network Interface Controller NICE NSC Integrated Customer Service Envelope NISO N-well ISOlation (mixed signal) NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NIH Not Invented Here NLM NetWare-Loadable Module NMM National Marketing Manager NMOS MOS transistor with N-type channels N-channel NOVA NSC On- line Viewing Access system NPBA New Products Business Analysis NPD New Product Development NPEP New Product Execution Plan NPI New Product Introduction NPIM New Package Introduction Method NPPRS New Product Phase Review System NPS National Planning System strategic planning process NRE Non-Recurring Engineering (charge) NS National Semiconductor NSA National Security Agency NSID NSC internal part IDentification NSC National Semiconductor Corp. NSQ Non-Stop Quality NSR Network Service Request NSCB NSC Cebu, Philippines Site NSEM NSC Malacca, Malaysia Site NSEP NSC Penang, Malaysia Site NSFM NSC S. Portland, Maine Site NSJK NSC Chiba Shi, Japan Site NSSC NSC Santa Clara, Ca site NSSG NSC Singapore Site NSSL NSC West Jordan, Utah Site NSTE NSC Arlington, Texas Site NSUK NSC Greenock, Scotland Site NSVM Natioanl Shareholder Value Management NSQ Non-Stop Quality NSVDT Negotiating Skills Value Delivery Team NTPRS New Technology Phase Review System NTS Net Trade Sales NVD Non-Volatile Device NVM Non-Volatile Memory OBM Operations Business Manager, heads up production control OCR Optical Character Recognition OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OLE Object Linking and Embedding OS Operating System OSD Original Schedule Delivery,% orders deliver whensaid would OSI Open System Interconnection OTP One-Time Programmable OV Office Vision P & L Profit and Loss PA Product Announcement PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange PAD Packet Assembler/Disassembler PAE Product Application Engineer PAL Programmable Array Logic PAP Price, Availability Process PAT Plant Action Team; Profit After Tax PBC Product Business Case PBID PriceBook IDentifier PBT Price Before Tax; Profit Before Tax PC Personal Computer; Production Control PCB Printed Circuit Board PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCM Pulse Code Modulation PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCN Product Change Notice PCP Personal Computer Peripheral(s) PCS Personal Communication System PCTCP Personal Computer Transfer Control Protocol Pd Period PDA Personal Digital Assistance PDAL Product Definition Approval List PDF Product Discontinuance Form PDP Product Development Plan PDS Product Definition System PDT Product Development Technology PE Product Engineer(ing) PECL Positive Rail ECL PECVD Plasma Etch CVD PEF Process Experiment Form PEM Product Engineering Manager PEP Performance Enhancement Program PERL Practical Extraction and Report Language PERT Project Evaluation and Review Technique PGA Pin Grid Array PHEMOS PHoto Emission MicrOScope PIQ Polyimide PL Product Line PLA Programmable Logic Array PLBS Product Line Business Strategy PLCC Plastic Lead Chip Carrier PLD Programmable Logic Device; Product Line Director PLL Phased Locked Loop PLM Product Line Manager PLP Product Launch Plan PLPC Product Line Production Control PLSM Plasma Laboratory PM Product Management; Preventative Maintenance PME Product Marketing Engineer PMF Product Master File PMM Product Marketing Manager PMOS P-channel Metal Oxide Silicon PMP Product Migration Plan PMS Product Marketing Status PO Purchase Order POA Potential Opportunity Analysis POD Point Of Delivery POE Pursuit Of Excellence POM Product Of the Month POP Process Oriented EPROM POS Point Of Sales POTS Plain Old Telephone Service PPA Project Proposal Approval; Potential Problem Analysis PPBC Preliminary Product Business Case PPDP Preliminary Product Development Plan PPG Programmable Products Group PPI Plan Position Indicator PPM Parts Per Million PPRS Preliminary Product Requirements Specification PPS Portable Personal Systems PPT Personal Productivity Tools PQA Product Quality Assurance Correlation request PQFP Plastic Quad Flat Package PR Publicity Release; Purchase Requisition; Public Relations PRL Port Recreation Logic (pearl die) PROM Programmable Read Only Memory PRS Product Requirements Specification PS Personal Systems; Product Strategy PSAD Programmable Sense Amp Delay PSR Photoresist Stripper Rinse PSW Processor Status Word PTD Period To Date PTG Packaging Technology Group PU Physical Unit PWM Pulse Width Modulation QA Quality Assurance QABB Quality Bulletin Board QASD Quality Assurance Systems Development QA & R Quality, Assurance and Reliability QBR Quarter Business Review QBE Query By Example QDR Quantity Discrepancy claim Request QE Quality Express QC Quality Control QFD Quality Function Deployment QFP Quad Flat Pack QIP Quality Improvement Plan QOS Quality Operating System QP Qual Plan QPL Qualified Parts List QS FACT Quiet Series QSA Quality System Assessment QTD Quarter To Date QTL Q2 Test Language QTR Quarter QUIC QUality Information & Communications System R&A Returns and Allowances R & D Research and Development RAM Random Access Memory RASP Retirement And Savings Plan RBC Regional Business Center RBD Regional Business Division REL RELiability REV REVision RF Radio Frequency RFC Request For Comments (Internet proposed standard doc) RFI Radio Frequency Interference; Request For Information RFQ Request For Quotation RFS Request For Shipment RFSS Request For System Support RIC Repeater Interface Controller RIE Reactive Ion Etch RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing RMA Return Material Authorization RMC Rack Mount Computer RMOS Reference Material Ordering System (x6684) RMP Reliability Monitor Program ROCA Return On Controllable Assets (Mil-Aero) ROE Return On Equity ROI Return On Investment ROM Read Only Memory RONA Return On Net Assets RSCS Remote Spooling Communications Subsystem RSM Regional Sales Manager RSVP Reward Services and Value Provided RTS Reliability Test Services RTC Real Time Clock RTFDB Read the Flipping Data Book RUBY Random Unit BuYoff S Schottky Logic SAC Semiconductor Assembly Council SAG Situation at A Glance SAM Served Available Market SAMARI Sales And Marketing Analysis of Resales and Inventory SAS Statistical Analysis Software SBE Strategic Business Element SBEM Strategic Business Element Manager SBI Strategic Business Initiative SBP Strategic Business Plan SBP1 Strategic Business Plan 1, the 5 yr. strategic plan SBP2 Strategic Business Plan 2, the 5 yr. fin/operations plan SBU Strategic Business Unit SC Santa Clara SCAN Serial Control Access Network, NSC's boundary-scan family SCEM Small Computer Expendability Module SCOPE System Controllability, Observability, Partitioning Envir SCP Single Chip Package SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface SCVC Santa Clara Valley Chapter SDK Software Development Kit SDP Standard Digital Products SDLC Synchronous Data-Link Control SE Sales Engineer SEA South East Asia SEC Securities and Exchange Commission SEM Scanning Electronic Microscope SEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International SFAS Statement of Financial Accounting Standards SGML Standard Graphic Mark-up Language SIMM Single In-line Memory Module SIMS Secondary Ion Mass Spectrum SIO Super I/O SIP Single In-line Package SISO Serial In Serial Out SLIC Standard Linear Integrated Circuit SLIC Subscriber Line Interface Circuit SLM Single Layer Metal SLMC Supply Line Management Center SMART Sales & Marketing Analysis, Reporting & Tracking SMCC Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation SMD Surface Mounted Device SMM Senior Marketing Manager; Strategic Marketing Manager SMS Sales and Marketing Synergy; Semiconductor Material System SMS Strategic Market Segment SMSC SMS Steering Committee SMT Surface Mount Technology SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNA System Network Architecture (IBM term) SNI Serial Network Interface SNIC Serial Network Interface controller SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SO Small Outline (package) SOG Spin On Glass SOIC Small Outline Integrated Circuit SOM Share Of Market SONIC System Oriented Network Interface Controller SOP Standard Operating Procedure SPARC Scalable Processor ARChitecture SP System Product SPC Statistical Process Control SPDT Single Pole, Single Throw SPEC SPECification SPG Standard Products Group SQC Statistical Quality Control SQL Structured Query Language SRAM Static Random Access Memory SRC Signal Routing Card; Semiconductor Research Center SRD Software Requirement Document;Spin Rinse Dryer SRP Spreading Resistance Probe SRT Source Routing Transparent STD STanDard STI STrategic Inventory STP Shielded Twisted Pair SVG Staggered Virtual Ground SVGA SuperVGA SW SoftWare SWISS Semiconductor Worldwide Integrated Service System T&H Temperature & Humidity (REL test) TA Travel Authorization TA Tel Aviv, NSC at Israel TAB Tape Automated Bonding TAM Total Available Market; Telecommunications Access Method TAS Training Audit System TBA To Be Announced TDB To Be Determined TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TCV Technology Characterization Vehicle TDDB Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown TE Terminal Emulation; Test Engineer(ing) TEAM Technology Evolution And Management TECN Temporary ECN TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy THBT Temperature & Humidity Biased Test = T&H TJV Transfer Journal Voucher TLA Three Letter Acronym TLT Team Leader Training TMCL Temperature Cycle (REL test) TM Trade Mark TMP Terminal Management Processor T0 Time 0 TP Test Program TPX Terminal Productivity eXtension TQ Total Quality TQC Total Quality Control TQM Total Quality Manager TQRDCEB Technology Quality Responsiveness Delivery Cost Environm Awareness & Business Practice TRIC Token Ring Interface Controller TROPIC Token Ring Protocol Interface Controller TPX Terminal Productivity eXtension TSM Target Segment Marketing; Target System Marketing TSO Time Sharing Option TSR Total Shareholder Return;Terminate and Stay Resident (softwareProgram) TSS Time Sharing System TTBE Time To Break Even TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic TVS Triangular Voltage Sweep UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter uC microController UDP User Datagram Protocol ULSI Ultra LSI uP microProcessor UPH Units Per Hour URD User Requirement Document URL Uniform Resource Locator USC UnderShoot Corrector (circuit for reducing undershoot) USG Undoped Silicon Glass UT Ultra Tech UTP Untwisted Pair (wiring) UV UltraViolet VAN Vehicle Area Network VAR Value-Added Reseller VAX Virtual Address eXtension VBB ECL Threshold Bias Voltage VCC IC Power Supply Voltage (TTL) VDD IC Power Supply Voltage (MOS) VEE IC Power Voltage DC (ECL) VESA Video Equipment Standards Association VGA Video Graphics Array VFPT Very Fine Pitch Technology ( < 15 mils) VHSIC Very High Speed Integrated circuit VIH Voltage Input High VIHD Dynamic VIH (IC Switching) VIL Voltage Input Low VILD Dynamic VIL (IC Switching) VIP Variable Incentive Program VLB VESA Local Bus VLSI Very LSI VM Virtual Machine VOH Voltage Output High VOHP Quiet Output HIGH Noise Voltage, positive peak (overshoot) VOHV Output HIGH Noise Voltage, negative valley (VCC drop) VOL Voltage Output Low VOLP Quiet Output LOW Noise Voltage, positive peak gnd bounce VOLV Output LOW Noise Voltage, negative valley (undershoot) VOM Vapox On Metal VP Vice President VP/GM Vice President & General Manager VPNP Vertical PNP VTR Vertical Thermal Reactor VVC Volume Variable Costs WAN Wide Area Network WAW Why Ask Why? WDS Wavelength Dispersive Microscopy WINN Working In the New National WIP Work In Process WLR Wafer Level Reliability WOF Wall Of Fame WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get WW Work Week; World Wide WWW WorldWideWeb XTAL CrysTAL oscillator YTD Year To Date ZIF Zero Insertion Force ZTT Zero Test Time ======================ELECT_TERMS=================================== ACTIVE FILTER electronic filter combines active circuit with R and C ALGORITHM set rules for solving a problem. ALIAS FREQUENCY false lower frequency component appears in analog data reconstructed from original data digitized at insufficiently high sampling rate. AMBIENT LEVEL values signals and noise exist at test location when device under test is not active. AMPLITUDE MODULATION The process in which the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied according to a specific law. ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION The process that changes an analog signal into a digital magnitude value. ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC orA/D converter) circuit producesa digital directly proportional to analog signal input. ANECHOIC CHAMBER enclosure especially designed with walls that absorb sound or radiation, creating free-field environment for testing. ANTENNA device that radiates or receives radio waves. AREA ANALYSIS image-analysis technique that finds the area in an image that falls within range of specific gray levels. ARRAY ordered arrangement of information. ASPECT RATIO width-to-height ratio of a video picture. ASYNCHRONOUS action that takes place at an arbitrary time, without synchronization to a reference timer or clock. AVERAGING Mathematically smoothing results of several measurements by adding them and dividing by the number of samples. BACKGROUND programmed operations that take place without direct operator intervention; BALUN antenna-balancing device that matches a balanced or symmetrical load (a dipole antenna) to unbalanced load (a coaxialcable feed line). ("Balun" is derived from "balanced-to-unbalanced.") BAND-PASS FILTER filter that passes only those signal frequencies between two set frequencies. BIPOLAR (1) signal that includes positive and negative values. (2) A type of semiconductor BLOB connected region in image which all pixel same gray BRIGHTNESS value associated with a pixel that represents a gray value between black and white. BROADBAND EMISSION emission has spectral energy distribution is sufficiently broad, uniform, and continuous to ensure measuring receiver's response does not vary significantly over a given frequency range. CHROMINANCE color part of a video signal that defines the hue and saturation, but not the brightness or luminance, COLD-JUNCTION COMPENSATION An artificial reference level that compensates for ambient temperature in thermocouple circuits. COLLIMATE create light beam which all optical rays are parallel. COMMON-MODE REJECTION RATIO (CMRR) instrument's ability to reject interference from a signal is common to instrument's input terminals, but relative to ground. COMPOSITE SYNC video signal that contains horizontal sync pulses, vertical sync pulses, equalizing pulses only, with a no-signal referencelevel. COMPOSITE VIDEO composed of luminance (black and white), chrominance , blanking pulses, sync pulses,colorburst CONDUCTED EMISSION Electromagnetic energy propagated along conductor. energy called "conducted interference" if undesired. CONTRAST measure of brightness content in an image. High contrast implies mainly dark-black and bright-white content; low contrast implies a small spread of gray values. CONVERSION TIME time required from the moment a channel is interrogated to moment accurate data available. CONVOLUTION mathematical operation that filters images. COPROCESSOR processor that operates with the CPU to boost speed. For a digital signal processing (DSP) chip free CPU from repetitious math operations. COUNTER (1) software, a memory location used to store a count of certain occurrences. hardware, that counts events. COUNTERPOISE reference plane portion (grounded or ungrounded) of an unbalanced antenna. CROSS COUPLING coupling of a signal from one channel, circuit, or conductor to another, an undesired signal. CROSS MODULATION Modulation of a desired signal by an undesired signal. This is a special case of intermodulation. CROSSTALK phenomenon in which one or more signals interfere with another signal. CURRENT LOOP communications method that transmits data as current flow over long distances through environments with relatively high noise. DATA ACQUISITION Gathering infermation from sources such as sensors and transducers. DECIBEL logarithmic measure of the ratio of two signal levels: dB = 20*log(Voltage1/Voltage2) = 10*log(Power1/Power2), Variants on the decibel(dB) 1 V dBm absolute powerlevel referred to 1 mW DBe LEVEL difference referred to a carrier level, c. DBcHZ LEVEL Difference referred to carrier level calculated for a measurement bandwidth of 1 Hz. decoupling-neCwork circuit that prevents test signals applied to unit under test from affecting other devices, equipment, or systems not under test. degradation Anunwanted change in the performance not necessarily a malfunction or failure. digital-to-analog conversion The process the changes discrete values into a voltage or current. DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTER (DAC orD/Aconverter) A device that converts digital information into analog DIPOLE antenna made of a straight conductor (not longer than half a wavelength)divided at its electrical center and connected to a transmission line. DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS (DIVIA) direct transfer of information between computer's memory and a device while computer's CPU does something else. DRIVER Software controls specific hardware device, such as a data-acquisition board or a printer. DYNAMIC RANGE ratio full-scale range (FSR) of a data converter to smallest difference can resolve. (Dynamic range is generally expressed in decibels.) EDGE DETECTION locates an edge by examining an image for abrupt changes in pixel values. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) ability of electronic equipment to operate in environment without degradation caused by interference. ability equipment to operate without creating interference eventcounter circuit that counts occurrences of a certain condition. . FALSE COLOR Color added to an image to call attention to details that aren't readily perceptible or to create special effects. FAR FIELD region in which the power flux density from an antenna obeys the inverse-square law. For dipole distances beyond h/2 are far-field regions. FEATURE characteristic of an image or a region in an image. FEATURE EXTRACTION inspection, a technique that generates a set of descriptors or characteristic attributes from binaryimage. FIELD set either even or odd lines in interlaced video image. concept of field used when dealing with interlaced video display. large open site which testing take place. FIELD OF VIEW area of the object under view as represented at the focal plane of a camera. FIELD STRENGTH measurement of either the electric field or the magnetic field that is made in the far field. (Expressed V/m, A/m, or W/m.) FILTER selectively removes noise from a signal. include low-pass, band-pass, and high-pass types. Mathematical filters operate on data extract information enhance images. FIRMWARE program permanently recorded in ROM; it is effectively a piece of hardware that performs software functions. FLAW DETECTION image-analysis technique that examines an object for unwanted features of unknown shapes at unknown positions. FLOATING-POINT NUMBERS Numbers that contain decimal parts or are presented in scientific notation They are also known as "real" numbers. FOREGROUND the activity subject to direct operator intervention. Background activities running on computer simultaneously. FRAME total area of the picture that is scanned by a camera. FRAME GRABBER device that digitizes an image and stores it in a computer's memory. FRAME RATE frequency at which an image is completely updated on a display monitor. FRONT END preprocessor of information. GAUSSIAN FILTER filter for which a Gaussian curve, or bell curve, describes the passband characteristics. GRAY LEVEL brightness value assigned to a pixel; values range from black, through gray, to white. GRAY SCALE discrete gray levels that are defined for an imaging system or imaging software. 8-bit system, gray runs from 0 to 255. GROUND electrically neutral wire that has the same potential as surrounding earth. Normally, non-current-carrying c intended for safety. common reference point for an elect system. GROUND PLANE conducting surface or plate used as a common electrical reference point for circuits. HARMONIC DISTORTION (HD) A form of distortion in analog circuits that generates harmonics (signals whose frequencies integer of input signal).calculated as ratio of a single harmonic to level of the original signal. is related to total harmonic distortion (THD), ratio of sum of multiple harmonics to the level of the original signal. HEXADECIMAL base-l6 numbering system; 0-9, A-F. HIGH-PASSFILTER math operation that emphasizes details in an image. circuit attenuates low-frequency components in analog signal. HISTOGRAM graphical representation of the gray scale values found in an image. HORIZONAL BLANKING blanking signal that occurs at the end of each video scanning line. HORIZONTAL SYNC portion of a video signal that indicates the end of a line of video information. HUE distinction between colors. Red, blue, green, yellow are examples of hues. White, black, gray not hues, because they are intensities, not colors. IMAGE ANALYSIS technique extracts features and descriptions from images. IMAGE PROCESSING TRANSFORMING a source image into an improved image that supplies specific properties. IMMUNITY property of equipment that enables it to reject an electrical disturbance. IMPULSE electromagnetic pulse of short duration-shorter than one cycle at the highest frequency being considered. INPUT/OUTPUT(I/O) transfer of data from or to a computer system. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER (IA) An amplifier circuit with high impedance differential inputs and high common-mode rejection. INTERMODULATION mixing of two signals in a nonlinear device. This produces signals at frequencies are sum and difference of integral multiples of original signals. INTERRUPT signal requires immediate attention from computer's CPU. INTERRUPT HANDLER software routine that handles an interrupt's request for service. I/0 ADDRESS specific hardware circuit and software value that the CPU uses to distinguish betureen different boards in system. ISOLATION AMPLIFIER amplifier that provides electrically isolated inputs and outputs it amplify a differential signal superimposed on a high commonmode voltage. ISOLATION VOLTAGE voltage that an isolated circuit can normally withstand. Isolation voltage specified from input to input any input to the amplifier output. ISOTROPIC Having properties that have equal val LINE the coordinate that defines the vertical location of a pixel in an image. LINEARITY relationship ofa device's response to a straight line. LOW-PASS FILTER operation that blurs details in an image. attenuates the high frequency components in an analog siffnal. MACRO set of program steps combined bya user or programmer that act as a single and more powerful program step. MISMATCH nonideal coupling of two circuits. part of signal that does not pass through coupling gets reflected and leads measurement error. MONOCHROME An image represented by a single color. Generally, a monochrome image presented white on black background. MONOPOLE antenna that consists of a straight conductor usually one quarter of a wavelength long. A monopole is mounted immediately above, at right angle to, a ground plane. MONOTONICITY characteristic of a properly operating DAC in which the analog output increases as digital input to increases. MULTIPLEXER (mux) set of semiconductor or electromechanical switches arranged to select one of many inputs. NOISE Undesirable electrical interference to a signal. NOISE DISTORTION nonlinear behavior that circuits or devices exhibit when driven with a broadband noise signal. NTSC (National Television System Committee) 60-Hz standard for encoding color video signals. used in North America, Canada, Japan, and most of South America. NYQUIST SAMPLING THEOREM theorem establishes a relationship between sampling rates and ability to recreate data Nyquist's theorem states you sample a signal at rate f, sampled signal contain no information with frequency components above f/2. OPEN AREA open and flat test site which electromagnetic interference measurements are taken at which effects from power wires, buildings, and underground cables are negligible. Ambient radiation must be low enough to permit testing. OPTICAL ISOLATOR device that links two circuits through an optoelectronic transmitter and no direct electrical connection between two circuits. PAL (phase alternation line) 50-Hz composite color standard used Western Europe, India, China, Middle Eastern PASSIVE FILTER filtercircuit using only passive components such as resistors, capac PIXEL fundamental picture element in a digital image. (2) coordinate unit used define horizontal location ("Pixel" is an acronym for "picture element.") POLARIZATION orientation of the field vector in a radiated field. POLLING Around-robin canvassing of inputs to determine which ones are active. most cases, polling synchronized in software to a clock or external trigger. PORT communications connection on computer or remote . PROTOCOL rules that govern exact sequence of bits, bytes, and other information between communication systems or computers. QUANTIZING ERROR inherent uncertainty in digitizing an analog value that is caused by finite resolution of conversion process. Increasing resolution of an ADC reduces uncertainty. RADIO-FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE (RFI) High-frequency interference with radio reception. RANGE (1) maximum allowable full-scale signal (input or output) that yields a specified performance level. large place in which measurements take place. REGION OF INTEREST In inspection, the area inside defined boundaries of an image that you want to analyze. REPEATABILITY ability of an instrument to give same output or reading under repeated identical conditions. RESOLUTION smallest division which can be determined RGB three separate signals-red, green, and blue-transmit image information. RS-170 encoding standard for 60-Hz black-and-white television the standard for most monochrome video (S/H) SAMPLE AND HOLD acquires an analog voltage and stores it temporarily in a capacitor. as a sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA). SEEBECK EFFECT two junctions of two dissimilar metals. at different temperatures, a current flows. SENSITIVITY minimum change in an input signal that an instrument can detect. SETTLING TIME time required for that circuit's output to settle within a specified error band around the final value. (SNR) SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO ratio total signal to noise in decibels (dB). The larger the number, the better. by SNR = 20*1og(SignalRMs /NoiseRMs). A related unit is the signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD) ratio of input signal to the sum of noise and harmonics: SINAD = 20*1og(SignalRMs /(Noise + Harmonics)RMs) SIMULTANEOUS SAMPLE AND HOLD A data-acquisition technique in which several sample-and-hold circuits sample several analog channels simultaneously. SPIKE transient disturbance of electrical circuit caused by, example, load variations on the AC power line. STABILITY ability of an instrument or sensor to maintain a consistent output when a constant input is applied. SUBPIXEL RESOLUTION Any imaging technique that can yield a measurement with a spatial resolution of less than one pixel. SUCCESSIVE- APPROXIMATION ADCs that sequentially compares progressive smaller binary-weighted values analog input to produce an output digital word. SURGE sudden change in voltage on power line. A surge is similar to a spike, but it lasts longer. SUSCEPTIBILITY electronic equipment that permits undesirable responses when the equipment is subjected to electromagnetic radiation. SYNC portion of video signal indicates either end of field or a line of video information. THROUGHPUT RATE maximum repetitive rate which a data-conversion system can operate with a specified accuracy. TIME STAMP Information added to a unit of data to indicate time at which it was processed. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD) See harmonic distortion. VERTICAL SYNC portion of a video signal that indicates the end of a field of video information. sync pulse used to maintain field synchronization with incoming video . VIDEO encoder A device that converts RGB video to composite video. (VFC) VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTER converts an analog input voltage into digital pulses with frequency that is proportional to the input voltage. active filter electronic filter operational amplifiers, with resistors and capacitors. Typically, active filters alias frequency false lower frequency component insufficiently high sampling rate. ambient level values of signals and noise that exist at test location when DUT not active. amplitude modulation amplitude of carrier wave is varied analog-to-digital conversion changes analog signal into digital value. anechoic chamber An enclosure especially designed with walls absorb sound or radiation, a free-field environment A/D analog-to-digital ADC analog-to-tligital conver´ter ADPCM adaptive differential pulse-code modulation AFC automatic frequency control AGC automatic gain control AHDL analog hardware descriptive language AMLCD active-matrix liquid crystal display ANSI American National Standards Institute AOI automated optical inspection AQL acceptable quality level ARET accelerated l´eliability enhancement testing ARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc. ASCII American (National)Standard Code Information Interchange ASQC Amel´ican Society of Quality Control ATE automatic test equipment ATG autornatic test generation ATM asynchponous transfer mode ATPG automatic test program (or pattern) generator AWG l)American wire gauge 2) arbitrary waveform generator balun balanced-to-unbalanced transformer BDD binary decision diagram BER bit error rate BERT bit error rate tester BGA ball-grid array B-ISDN broadband inteffrated sey´vices digital network BIST built-in self-test BIT built-in test BITE built-in test equipment BNC baby "N" connector BPSK binary phase-shift keying BS boundary scan BSDL Boundary-Scan Description Language CAD computer-aided design CAE computer-aided engineering CAMAC I computer-automatecl measurement and control CAT computer-aided test CCD charge-coupled device CCITT I Consultative Committee Intern Telephone and Telegraph CDMA I code division multiple access CFC 1) current-to-frequency converter 2) chlorofluorocarbon CIIL Common Instrument (Control Intermediate) Interface Lang CMR common-mode rejection CMRR common-mode rejection ratio C1MV common-mode voltage CMVR common-mode voltage ratio CODEC coder-decoder COTS commercial off-the-shelf cps cycles per second CPS characters per second CPU central processing unit CRC c3iclic redundancy check CSMA/CD carrier sense multiple access/collision detection CW continuous wave D/A digital-to-analog DAC tliRital-to-analog converter DAQ data acyuisition DAS data-accluisition system dB decibel dBm clK power(l mW into a 600-´lload) DBPSK differential-binary phase-shift keying DC direct current DCE tlata communications eyuipment DCT discrete cosine transform DDE dynamic data exchange DDS direct digital synthesis DFM clesiffn for manufacturability DFT 1) desiffn for test 2) tliscrete Fourier transform DIN Deutsche Industrie Normenausschuss German standards a DIG digital input/output DIP dual in-line package DLL dynamic link library DR´IA direct memory access D´M dig´ital multimeter DNL differential nonlinearity DPM digital panel meter DQPSK differential quadrature phase-shift keying DRAM dynamic random access memory DSO digital sampling (or storage) oscilloscope DSP diffital signal processoy´ (or processing) DTE data terminal equipment DTMF dual-tone multiple fi´eyuency DUT device under test DVM digital voltmeter EDA electronic design automation EDIF Electronic Design Interchange Format ELA Electronic Industries Association EISA extended industry standard architecture PC bus) EMC electromagnetic compatibility EMF electromagnetic field EMI electromagnetic interference EMF electromagnetic pulse E0 electro-optical, electro-optic EPLD erasable pl-offrammable logic device EPROM erasable pl´ogrammable read-only memory ESD electrostatic discharge ESDA electronic system design automation ESR equivalent series resistance ESS 1) environmental stress screening 2) electianic switching system ETS equivalent time sampling EUT equipment under test FCC Federal Communications Commission FDDI fiber distributed data interface FDMA frequency-division multiple access FET field-effect transistop FFT fast Fourier transform FIFO first-in,first-out FIR finite impulse response (filter) FIT 1) fault isolation test 2) failures in time (testing-) FM fi-equency modulation FPGA field-progr´ammable gate array FS full scale FSK frequency-shift keying FN frequency-to-voltaffe FTP File ´ansfer Protocol(Internet) GFSK Gaussian fr´eyuency-shift keying GIF graphic image file GRISK Gaussian-filtered minimum-shift keying GPIB general purpose interface bus GPS Global Positioning S;ystem GSM GY´oupe Speciale Mobile (or Global System for Mobile ('ommunications) GUI graphical user interface HALT highl3' accelerated life test HASS highly accelerated stress screening HAST highly accelerated stress test HEM human body model HF high heyuency (3 MHz to 30 MHz) hipot high-otential HV high voltage Hz Hel'tz IA instrument amplifier IC integrated circuit ICE in-circuit emulator IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IES Institute of Environmental Sciences IF intermediate frequency IFT inverse fast Fourier transform IIR infinite impulse response (filter) IMD intermodulation distortion INL integral nonlinearity Y0 input/output IPC InstituteInterconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuit IR infrared radiation IRQ interruptrequest ISA (1) Instrument Society of America (2) Industry Standard Architecture (PC bus) ISDN integrated services digital network ISHM International Society for HybridMicroelectronics ISO International Organization for Standardization JEDEC Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council JTAG Joint Test Action Group KGD known-good die laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation LCC leadless chip carrier LCD liquid crystal display LED light-emitting diode LF low frequency (30 kHz to 300 kHz) LRU line replaceable unit LSB least significant bit LSI large-scale integration LSSD level-sensitive scan design LUT look-uptable MCC 1Llicroelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (formerly Microelectronics and Computer Consortium) MCM multichip module MDA manufacturing-defects analyzer MFP mini flat pack MMI man-machine interface MMIC monolithic microwave integrated circuit MOSFET metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group R´IPU microprocessor unit MSB most significant bit MSI medium-scale integration MSK minimum-shift keying MTBF mean time between failures IMTTR mean time to repair MUX multiplexer MXI multiplatform extension for instrumentation NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association NEP noise equivalent power NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NMRR normal-mode rejection ratio NRE nonrecuning engineering NRZ nonreturn to zero NVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program OEM original equipment manufacturer OQPSK offset-quadrature phase-shift keying 0S operating system OTDR optical time-domain reflectometer PCB printed circuit board PCBA printed circuit board assembly PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card Interna-tional Association PDEF physical design exchange format PDH plesiochronous-digital hierarchy FF power factor PGA pin-grid array PID proportional integral-differentia1 PLCC plastic leadless chip carrier PLD programmable logic device PLL phase-locked loop POTS plain old telephone service P´P peak to peak PQFP plastic quad flat pack PRF pulse repetition frequency PRN pseudorandom noise PS power spectrum PSD power spectral density PSTN public switched telephone network PWB printed wiring board PWBA printed wiring board assembly PWM pulse-width modulation &A quality assurance QAIM quadrature amplitude modulation QC quality control QML qualified manufacturers list QPL qualified part (or product) list QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying QTAG Quality Test Action Group RAM random access memory RC resistor-capacitor RCVR receiver RF radio frequency RFI radio-frequency interference RGB red-green-blue R´S root mean square ROM read-only memory 1) real time 2) risetime EtTD resistance temperature device ItTOS real-time operating system WI´S request to send SA spectrum analyzer SEC single-board computer SCPI Standard Commands Programmable Instruments (IEEE 488.2) SCSI Small Computer Standard Interface SDH synchronous digital hierarchy SDLC synchronous data link control SECAM sequential color and memory SEn´l scanning electron microscope SEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Material International Ass SFDR spurious-free dynamic range S/H sample and hold SHA sample-and-hold amplifier SIR Semiconductor Industry Association SID Society for Information Display SIM1M single in-line memory module SINAD signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio SIP single in-line package SLAM scanning laser acoustic microscope SLIC subscriber-line interface circuit SMART stress marginality and accelerated reliabilitytesting SMD surface-mount device SMT surface-mount technology SNR signal-to-noise ratio SOIC small-outline integrated circuit SONET synchronous optical network SOT small-outline transistor SPC statistical process control SPICE simulation program with integrated circuitemphasis SPM scanning-probe microscope sps samples per second SQC statistical quality control SQFP shrink quad flat pack SQPSK staggered quadrature phase-shift keying SRAM static random-access memory SSB single sideband SSOP shrink small-outline package STEIM scanning transmission electron microscope STP shielded twisted pair STRIFE stress and life SWEAT standard wafer-level electromigration acceler-ated test swR standing wave ratio TAB tape automated bonding TBGA tape ball-grid array TC 1) temperature coefficient 2)thermocouple TCO total cost of ownership TCP/IP transmissioncontrolprotocoUInternet protocol TDIM time division multiplexer TDR time-domain relectometer TE´ 1) transverse electromagnetic mode 2) transmission electron microscope T/H track and hold THD total harmonic distortion TIA Telecommunications Industry Association TISSS Tester Independent Software Support System ADC analog-to-tligital conver´ter ADPCM adaptive differential pulse-code modulation AFC automatic frequency control AGC automatic gain control AHDL analog hardware descriptive language AMLCD active-matrix liquid crystal display ANSI American National Standards Institute AOI automated optical inspection AQL acceptable quality level ARET accelerated l´eliability enhancement testing ARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc. ASCII American (National) Standard Code for Information Interchange ASQC Amel´ican Society of Quality Control ATE automatic test equipment ATG autornatic test generation ATM asynchponous transfer mode ATPG automatic test program (or pattern) generator AWG l)American wire gauge 2) arbitrary waveform generator balun balanced-to-unbalanced transformer BDD binary decision diagram BER bit error rate BERT bit error rate tester BGA ball-grid array B-ISDN broadband inteffrated sey´vices digital network BIST built-in self-test BIT built-in test BITE built-in test equipment BNC baby "N" connector BPSK binary phase-shift keying BS boundary scan BSDL Boundary-Scan Description Language CAD computer-aided design CAE computer-aided engineering CAMAC I computer-automatecl measurement and control CAT computer-aided test CCD charge-coupled device CCITT I Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraph CDMA I code division multiple access CFC 1) current-to-frequency converter 2) chlorofluorocarbon CIIL Common Instrument (Control Intermediate) Interface Lang CMR common-mode rejection CMRR common-mode rejection ratio CMV common-mode voltage CMVR common-mode voltage ratio CODEC coder-decoder COTS commercial off-the-shelf cps cycles per second CPS characters per second CPU central processing unit CRC c3iclic redundancy check CSMA/CD carrier sense multiple access/collision detection CW continuous wave D/A digital-to-analog DAC tliRital-to-analog converter DAQ data acyuisition DAS data-accluisition system dB decibel dBm clK power(l mW into a 600-´lload) DBPSK differential-binary phase-shift keying DC direct current DCE tlata communications eyuipment DCT discrete cosine transform DDE dynamic data exchange DDS direct digital synthesis DFM clesiffn for manufacturability DFT 1) desiffn for test 2) tliscrete Fourier transform DIN Deutsche Industrie Normenausschuss German standards agency) DIG digital input/output DIP dual in-line package DLL dynamic link library DMA direct memory access DMM dig´ital multimeter DNL differential nonlinearity DPM digital panel meter DQPSK differential quadrature phase-shift keying DRAM dynamic random access memory DSO digital sampling (or storage) oscilloscope DSP diffital signal processoy´ (or processing) DTE data terminal equipment DTMF dual-tone multiple fi´eyuency DUT device under test DVM digital voltmeter EDA electronic design automation EDIF Electronic Design Interchange Format ELA Electronic Industries Association EISA extended industry standard architecture (PC bus) EMC electromagnetic compatibility EMF electromagnetic field EMI electromagnetic interference EMF electromagnetic pulse E0 electro-optical, electro-optic EPLD erasable pl-offrammable logic device EPROM erasable pl´ogrammable read-only memory ESD electrostatic discharge ESDA electronic system design automation ESR equivalent series resistance ESS 1) environmental stress screening 2) electianic switching system ETS equivalent time sampling EUT equipment under test FCC Federal Communications Commission FDDI fiber distributed data interface FDMA frequency-division multiple access FET field-effect transistop FFT fast Fourier transform FIFO first-in,first-out FIR finite impulse response (filter) FIT 1) fault isolation test 2) failures in time (testing-) FM frequency modulation FPGA field-progr´ammable gate array FS full scale FSK frequency-shift keying FN frequency-to-voltaffe FTP File ´ansfer Protocol(Internet) GFSK Gaussian fr´eyuency-shift keying GIF graphic image file GRISK Gaussian-filtered minimum-shift keying GPIB general purpose interface bus GPS Global Positioning S;ystem GSM Groupe Speciale Mobile (or Global System for Mobile ('ommunications) GUI graphical user interface HALT highly' accelerated life test HASS highly accelerated stress screening HAST highly accelerated stress test HBM human body model HF high heyuency (3 MHz to 30 MHz) hipot high-potential HV high voltage Hz Hertz IA instrument amplifier IC integrated circuit ICE in-circuit emulator IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IES Institute of Environmental Sciences IF intermediate frequency IFT inverse fast Fourier transform IIR infinite impulse response (filter) IMD intermodulation distortion INL integral nonlinearity I/0 input/output IPC Institute Interconnecting and Packaging Electr Circuits IR infrared radiation IRQ interruptrequest ISA 1) Instrument Society of America 2) Industry Standard Architecture (PC bus) ISDN integrated services digital network ISHM International Society for Hybrid Microelectronics ISO International Organization for Standardization JEDEC Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council JTAG Joint Test Action Group KGD known-good die laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation LCC leadless chip carrier LCD liquid crystal display LED light-emitting diode LF low frequency (30 kHz to 300 kHz) LRU line replaceable unit LSB least significant bit LSI large-scale integration LSSD level-sensitive scan design LUT look-uptable MCC Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (formerly Microelectronics and Computer Consortium) MCM multichip module MDA manufacturing-defects analyzer MFP mini flat pack MMI man-machine interface MMIC monolithic microwave integrated circuit MOSFET metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group MPU microprocessor unit MSB most significant bit MSI medium-scale integration MSK minimum-shift keying MTBF mean time between failures MTTR mean time to repair MUX multiplexer MXI multiplatform extension for instrumentation NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association NEP noise equivalent power NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NMRR normal-mode rejection ratio NRE nonrecuning engineering NRZ nonreturn to zero NVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program OEM original equipment manufacturer OQPSK offset-quadrature phase-shift keying 0S operating system OTDR optical time-domain reflectometer PCB printed circuit board PCBA printed circuit board assembly PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PDEF physical design exchange format PDH plesiochronous-digital hierarchy FF power factor PGA pin-grid array PID proportional integral-differentia1 PLCC plastic leadless chip carrier PLD programmable logic device PLL phase-locked loop POTS plain old telephone service p-p peak to peak PQFP plastic quad flat pack PRF pulse repetition frequency PRN pseudorandom noise PS power spectrum PSD power spectral density PSTN public switched telephone network PWB printed wiring board PWBA printed wiring board assembly PWM pulse-width modulation QA quality assurance QAM quadrature amplitude modulation QC quality control QML qualified manufacturers list QPL qualified part (or product) list QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying QTAG Quality Test Action Group RAM random access memory RC resistor-capacitor RCVR receiver RF radio frequency RFI radio-frequency interference RGB red-green-blue RMS root mean square ROM read-only memory RT 1) real time 1 2) risetime RTD 1 resistance temperature device RTOS 1 real-time operating system RTS 1 request to send SA spectrum analyzer SEC single-board computer SCPI Standard Commands ProgrammableInstruments (IEEE 488.2) SCSI Small Computer Standard Interface SDH synchronous digital hierarchy SDLC synchronous data link control SECAM sequential color and memory SEM scanning electron microscope SEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Material Inte Association SFDR spurious-free dynamic range S/H sample and hold SHA sample-and-hold amplifier SIR Semiconductor Industry Association SID Society for Information Display SIMM single in-line memory module SINAD signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio SIP single in-line package SLAM scanning laser acoustic microscope SLIC subscriber-line interface circuit SMART stress marginality and accelerated reliability testing SMD surface-mount device SMT surface-mount technology SNR signal-to-noise ratio SOIC small-outline integrated circuit SONET synchronous optical network SOT small-outline transistor SPC statistical process control SPICE simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis SPM scanning-probe microscope sps samples per second SQC statistical quality control SQFP shrink quad flat pack SQPSK staggered quadrature phase-shift keying SRAM static random-access memory SSB single sideband SSOP shrink small-outline package STEIM scanning transmission electron microscope STP shielded twisted pair STRIFE stress and life SWEAT standard wafer-level electromigration accelerated test SWR standing wave ratio TAB tape automated bonding TBGA tape ball-grid array TC 1) temperature coefficient 2)thermocouple TCO total cost of ownership TCP/IP transmissioncontrolprotocoUInternet protocol TDM time division multiplexer TDR time-domain relectometer TEM 1) transverse electromagnetic mode 2) transmission electron microscope T/H track and hold THD total harmonic distortion TIA Telecommunications Industry Association TISSS Tester Independent Software Support System TPQFP test-pad quad flat pack TQFP thin quad flat pack TQM total quality management TSOP thin small-outline package TTL transistor-transistorlogic TTY teletypewriter TUR test uncertainty ratio TUV Technische Uberwachungs-Verein German test lab) UHF ultra-high frequency (300 MHz to 3 GHz) UL Underwriters Laboratories UPS uninterruptible power supply UTP unshielded twisted pair UUT unit under test W ultraviolet VA volt-ampere VAC volts alternating current VAR 1) volt-ampere reactive 2) value-added reseller VB Visual Basic (software) VEX Visual Basic extension VCO voltage-controlled oscillator VDC volts direct current VFC voltage-to-frequency converter VHDL VHSIC Hardware Description Language VHF verv hi´h freauencv (30 kHz to 300 MHz´ VHSIC very high speed integrated circuit VISA Virtual Instrument Software Architecture VLF very low frequency (below 30 kHz) VLSI very large-scale integration VMEbus versatile modular E-bus (formerly VersaModule, European) Vp-p peak to peak voltage VSOP very small outline package VSWR voltage standing-wave ratio VTVM vacuum tube voltmeter VXIbus VMEbus extension for instrumentation XMTR transmitter ZIF zero-insertion-force AAM Area Administrative Manager ABC Activity Based Costing ABD America's Business Div, domestic regional business center ABIC Advanced Bi-CMOS ABM Activity Based Managememt ABP Advanced Bus Products. ABS Anti-lock Braking System ABT Advanced BiCMOS TTL, mix variable by vendor AC Advanced CMOS with CMOS-level input threshold ACA Assigned Corporate Account ACC Accumulator Accuracy Control Character ACCORD Automated Customer Communications Real-time Debits ACL Advanced CMOS Logic, TI's version of FACT ACLV AutoCLaVe (REL test) ACM Association for Computing Machinery ACMOS Advanced CMOS ACQ FACT Quiet Series with CMOS-level input threshold ACT Advanced CMOS with TTL-level input threshold (NOT bipolar) ACTQ FACT Quiet Series CMOS-level input threshold (NOT bipolar) ACU Airborne Control Unit AD Area Director ADAM Assigned Distributor Account ADC Analog to Digital Controller ADP Automatic Data Processing ADSM Area Distributor Sales Manager AES Auger Electron Spectroscopy AF Audio Frequency AI Artificial Intelligence ALIC Advanced Linear Integrated Circuit ALR Assembly Level Reliability ALS Advanced Low Power Schottky Logic AMG Alternating Metal Ground AMHS Automated Material Handling Systems AMM After Market Manufacturer AMR Automated remote Meter Reading AND Advanced Network Devices ANSI American National Standard Institute AOP Annual Operating Plan, superseded by SBP1 AOPU Annual Operating Plan Update, superseded by SBP2 AOQL Average Outgoing Quality Level AP Asia Pacific APL Approved Product List APICS American Production and Inventory Control Society APM Advanced Power Management APPG Automatic Pad Placement Generator APQ All Parts Qualified (date) AQL Acceptance Quality Level AQP Advance Quality Planning ARAM Audio RAM (defective DRAM) AP/PO Accounts Payable/Purchase Order ARO After Receipt of Order ARP Address Resolution Protocol AS Advanced Schottky ASAP As Soon As Possible ASCII American Standard code for Information Interchange ASD Analog Software Development; Analytical Software Dev ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit ASIM Application Specific Integrated Module ASIP Advanced System and Interface Product ASN Advanced Shipping Notice ASP Average Selling Price ASPC Automated Semiconductor Planning and Control ASQC American Society for Quality Control ASSP Application Specific Standard Parts ASSY ASSemblY ATE Automated Test Equipment ATM Area Technical Manager ATS Available To Sell ATSP Application Targeted System Prod AT&T Quality Registrar AVI Audio Video Interleaved AWB AirWayBill AWS Alternative Work Schedule B/L Backlog BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BBS Bulletin Board System BC Business Center BCAE Business Center Applications Engineer BCD Binary Coded Decimal BCM Business Center Manager BCME Business Center Marketing Engineer BCP Biphase Communications Processor BCT BiCMOS TTL, mix of bipolar and CMOS depends on vendor BCU Business Center Unit BE Break Even BEM Building Emergency Manager BI Burn-In BIC Best In Class BiCMOS Part Bipolar, Part CMOS, percent mix variable BiFET Bipolar Field Effect Transistor BIOS Basic Input/Output BIST Built In Self Test BOE Buffered Oxide Etch BOF Business Opportunity Forecast BOM Business Office Manager BP Business Planning BPP Biased Pressure Pot = Biased ACLV BPS Bit Per Second BPSG Boron Phosphor Silicate Glass BS Build Sheet BUM Business Unit Manager BTL Backplane Transceiver Logic, bipolar process BTW By The Way CA Corrective Action CAC Career Action Center CAD Computer Aided Design CAE Computer Aided Engineering CAI Computer Aided Instruction CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing CAM Content Addressable Memory CAN Car Area Network CAPS Commute Alternative Program System CAO Chief Administrative Officer CASE Computer-aided Software Engineering CAT Corporate Action Team (to analyze Employee Survey Results) CATV Cable Television C & C Communications and Computing (Division) C&T Computing & Telecommunications CBD Coefficient of Bureaucratic Drag CBI Critical Business Issue CBS Corporate Business Systems CBT Computer Based Testing C of C Certificate of Compliance CCD Charge Coupled Device CCG Communications and Computing Group CCIM Corporate CIM CCM Configurable Controller Methodology CCV Closed Circuit Voltage CD Collision Detection CDA Clean Dry Air; Corporate Design Automation CDE Common Design Environment CDF Customer Drawing File CDI Compact Disk Interactive CDROM Compact Disc Read Only Memory CEG Computer Enchancement Group CEO Chief Executive Officer C & F Cost and Freight CFAP Customer Forecasting Automation Process CFO Chief Financial Officer CGI Common Gateway Interface CHD Corporate Help Desk CHIPS Center for Health Improvement and Personal Success CIA Cash In Advance CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturer CIRM Certification in Integrated Resource Management CIS Contact Image Sensor CISC Complex Instruction Set Computing CLASIC Custom Linear ASIC CLAY Configureable Logic Array CLD Custom Logic Device CLIC Consumer Linear Integrated Circuit ( NSC product group) CM Configuration Management CMF Customer Master File CMIP Common Management Information Protocol CMOS Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon CMR Customer Material Return CMS Conversational Monitor System CMYK Cyan-Magenta_Yellow_Key (usually black) CODEC COmpressor/DECompressor COMETS Comprehensive On-line Manu Engineering Tracking System COO Chief Operations Officer COP Calculator On Processor COS Cost Of Sales COT Customer Owned Tooling CP Control Program CPC Central Production Control CPD Power Dissipation Capacitance CPE Customer Premise Equipment CPK Process Capability Index CPL Certified Parts List; Customer Product List CPM Critical Path Method; Corporate Product Manager CPN Customer Part Number CPR Continued Processing Request CPS Corporate Planning System; Customer Profile System CPU Central Processing Unit CQF Customer Qualification Form CRC Customer Response Center CRD Customer Return Debits; Customer Request Date CRS Capacity Reservation System; Channel Reservation System CRT Cathode Ray Tube CS Customer Service CSC Customer Support Center CSD Contract Sales Debits; Current Schedule Date CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access and Collision Detection CSP Contract Sales Price; Customer Specific Product CSTF Corporate Strategy Task Force CT Cold Test; Cycle Time; Computer Tomography ( CAT) CTC Career Transition Center CTG Corporate Technology Group CTM Customer CTP Customer Tooled Products; CustomTechnologies & Products CUBA CUstomer Base Analysis CTO Chief Technical Officer CY Calendar Year CYA Cover Your Assets CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition CVP Cooperative Vendor Program DA Design Automation DAC Digital to Analog Converter DAM Digital Answering Machine DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (US government) DAS Device Analysis Services; Data Acquisition System DASK Digital Implementation for Amplitude Shift Keying DAT Digital Audio Tape DBI Database Interface DBU Distribution Business Unit DCE Data Communication Equipment DCF Document Composition Facility DD Defect Density DDI Direct Data Interface DDS Device Detail Sheet DE Design Engineering DEC Digital Equipment Corporation DECT Digital European Cordless Telecommunications DESC Defense Electronic Supply Commission DFT Design For Test DHTL Dynamic High Temp. Life (OPL) DI Develop Inspect DLM Dual Layer Metal DIP Dual In-line Package DIW Distributed Inside Wire DMA Direct Memory Access DMD Data Management Group DNA Digital Network Architecture DNI SunMicrosystem DECnet-compatible products DNR Dynamic Noise Reduction DOA Dead On Arrival DOD Department Of Defense (US government) DOE Design Of Experiments DOS Disk Operating System for personal computer DP Data Processing DPI Data Processing Interface DPS Desktop Personal Systems DPW Die Per Wafer DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DRC Design Rules Check DSM Distributor Sales Manager DS Data Sheet; Development System DSO Distributor Sales Out (resales) DSP Digital Signal Processor DTAM Distribution Total Available Market DTE Data Terminal Equipment DTP Data grade unshielded Twisted Pair; Data TransProducts DTP Desk Top Publishing DUT Device Under Test DWF Die in Wafer Form EAO European Automotive Operations EAP Employee Assistance Program EB East Bangkok assembly & test facility EBIC Electron Beam Induced Current EBS Electronic Build Sheet EC&I Embedded Controllers & Imaging ECC Engineering Computer Center ECD Embedded Control Division ECG Embedded Control Group ECL Emitter-Coupled Logic, bipolar process ECLIPS Motorola's Advanced ECL ECN Engineering Change Notice EDA Electronic Design Automation EDB Engineering Data Base EDI Electronic Data Interchange EDIF Electronic Data Interchange Format EDN Electronic Design News EDP Electronic Data Processing EDS Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy EDX Energy Dispersive X_ray Spectroscopy EEPROM Electronically Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory EF Early Failure EFR Early Failure Rate EI Environmental Improvement EIA Electronics Industries Association EIAJ Electronics Industries Association of Japan EISA Electronics Industry Standard Architecture ELF Extremely Low Frequency EM Mallaca, Malaysia; ElectroMigration EMAIL Electronic Mail EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EMI Electromagnetic Interference EMS Emission Microscope System EMU EMUlator EOF End Of Field EOL End of Life; End of Line EON Engineering Order Number EOS Electrical OverStress EP EndPoint EPROM Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory EPS Earnings Per Share EPU Evaluation and Programming Unit EQR Electronic Industries Quality Registrar ERC Engineering Response Center ERDM Electronic Reliability Data Management ESA Enterprise Systems Architecture ESCA Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis ESD Electro Static Discharge; Embedded Systems Division ERT Emergency Response Team ESF Executive Strategic Forum ESS Environmental Stress Screening ET Electric Test (before WS) ETA Estimated Time of Arrival ETD Estimated Time of Departure ETS Educational Testing Society EUR EURope F100K Fairchild 100K ECL Logic FA Failure Analysis FAB FABrication (Plant) FACT Fairchild Advanced CMOS Technology FAE Field Applications Engineer FAQ Frequently Asked Question FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board FAT Functionality Application Test FAX Facsimile FCC Federal Communications Commission FCS Frame Check Sequence FCST ForeCaST FCT FAST CMOS with TTL-level input threshold (NOT bipolar) FCTA Higher speed version of FCT FCTB AMD29c8xx equivalent FCT FDC Floppy Disk Controller FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface FEA Finite Element Analysis FEP Front End Processor FET Field Effect Transistor FFF Form, Fit, and Function FIBS Focused Ion Beam System FIFO First in First Out FISH First In, Still Here FIT Failures In Time per billion operating device-hours) FLA Four Letter Acronym; Five Letter Acronym FMC Field Marketing Center; Fixed Manufacturing Costs FMEA Failure Mode Effect Analysis FMM Field Marketing Manager FOB Free On Board FOX Field OXide FPA Floating Point Accelerator FPLA Field Programmable Logic Array FRC Fairchild Research Center FRP Fast Reaction Program FRU Field Replaceable Unit FS Field Sales FSE Field Sales Engineer FT Final Test; Fast Test; Feed Through FTA Field Target Account FTP File Transfer Protocol FUD Fear, Uncertainty, Doubt FY Fiscal Year FYA For Your Amusement FYI For Your Information G&A General and Administrative GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GaAS Galluim Arsenide GAL General Array Logic GDW Gross Die per Wafer GE GErmany GIC Guaranteed Investment Contract GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out GIF Graphic Interchange Format GIP Group Incentive Plan GL General Ledger GLT Guaranteed Lead Time GM Gross Margin GMC Global Marketing Council GML Generalized Markup Language GNP Gross National Product GOP Gross Operating Profit GOS Gate Oxide Short GP Gross Profit GPIB General Purpose Instrument Bus GPM Gross Profit Margin GPO General Post Office GT Greater Than GTO Gradual Turn-On (circuit for reducing ground bounce) GUI Graphical User Interface GV Geometry Verification HAST Highly Accelerated Stress Test HAWB House AirWayBill HC High-speed CMOS with CMOS-level input threshold HCMOS High-speed CMOS HCT High-speed CMOS with TTL-level input thresh(NOTbipolar) HDL High Level Design Language HDTV High Definition Television HLL High Level Language HMMP Hazardous Material Management Plan HP Hewlett Packard HPC High Performance Controller; High Performance Contacts HPS High Performance System HR Human Resources HRD Human Resource Development HT Hot Test HTH Hope This Helps HTML HyperText Markup Language HTRB High Temperature Reverse Bias HTSL High Temperature Storage Life HTTP HperText Transport Protocol HV High Voltage HVAC Heating, Venting, and Air Conditioning; High Voltage AC Current HW HardWare IBE International Business Element IBEM Intermediate Business Element Manager IBG International Business Group IBM International Business Machines IBR International Business Review IC Integrated Circuit ICC Power Supply Current ICCD Dynamic Power Dissipation Current (given in mA/MHz) ICCT Additional ICC (IDD) due to CMOS input at TTL level ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol ICR Intelligent Character Recognition ICT In-Circuit Tester ICU Intensive Care Unit IDB Integrated Database IDD Power Supply Current (MOS) IDE Integrated Drive Electronics IDS Integrated Diagnostic System IEE Power Supply Current ECL IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers I/F Interface IIH Input Current High IIL Input Current Low IIN Input Leakage Current(if IIH=IIL) IIT Integrated Information Technology ILD Inner Layer Dielectric IMHO In My Humble Opinion IMNSHO In My NOT SO Humble Opinion INN InterNational News IO Input-Output IOH Output Current High IOHD Dynamic IOH (used ti guarantee CMOS line driving) IOL Output Current Low IOLD Dynamic IOL (used to guarantee CMOS line driving) IOS Output Short Circuit Current IOZ Output Current Tristate IOZT I/O Current Tristate for Transceiver IP Internet Protocol IPG Innovative Products Group IR InfraRed IrDA Infrared Data Association IRQ Interrupt Request Line IRR Internal Rate of Return IS Information Systems ISA Internal Sales Administrator ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISE In System Emulator ISG Information Systems Group ISIR Initial Sample Information Report ISO International Standards Organization ISP Internet Service Provider I/T In Transit ITR Inspection Trouble Report IVHS Intelligent Vehicle Highway System JANS Joint Army Navy Space JAP JAPan JEDEC Joint Electrical Defense Engineering Council JETAG Joint European Test Action Group JFET Junction Field Effect Transistor JIT Just In Time JMI Johnson Matthey Incorporated JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group JV Journal Voucher KEIP Key Employee Incentive Program KGD Known Good Die LA Lot Acceptance LAN Local Area Network LAT Lot Acceptance Test LC Letter of Credit LCC Leadless Chip Carrier = LLCC LCD Liquid Crystal Display LD LeaD LDCC LeaDed Chip Carrier LDO Low-Dropout Regulator LED Light Emitting Diode LERIC Lite Repeater Interface Controller LIFO Last In, First Out LLC Logical Link Control LLCC LeadLess Chip Carrier LNA Low Noise Amplifier LOA Leave Of Absence LOTS Lot Order Tracking System (tracks WIP) LP Late Programming LPCVD Low Pressure CVD LRT Lab Resource Team LSB Least Significant Bit LS/LPS Low Power Schottky Logic LSI Large Scale Integration L/T LeadTime LT Long Term; Less Than LTO Low Temperature Oxide LVS Layout Versus Schematic MA Market Analysis MAC Media Access Control MACSI Media Access Controller and System Interface MAN Metropolitan Area Network MAPL Multiple Array Programmable Logic MARCOMM MARketing COMMunications MAU Multi-station Access Unit MAWB Master AirWayBill MBA Master of Business Administration MBO Management By Objectives MBNQA Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award MBPS Megabits Per Second MBWA Management By Walking Around MCA Micro Channel Architecture MCC Microelectronics and Computing Consortium MCP Multi-Chip Package MCR Materials Characterization Repository MCT Micro Component Technology MECL Motorola ECL MER Material Engineering Requisition M&L Materials & Logistics MET Master Edit Table MFG ManuFacturinG MFM Major Failure Mode MH Midgel Haemek MILAERO MILitary, AEROspace MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension MIPS Million Instructions Per Second MIR Managing Interpersonal Relationships MIS Management Information System MIWU Multi-Input WakeUp MMU Memory Management Unit MOLE Microcontroller On-Line Emulator MORE Migrate Onwards to Real Expectations MOS Metal-Oxide-Silicon, type of transistor structure MOSFET Metal-Oxide-Silicon Field Effect Transistor MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group MPD Memory Products Division MPL Master Price List MPO Master Purchase Order MPU Microprocessor Unit MRC Manufacturing Release Checklist MS Mail Stop MSDOS Microsoft's Disk Operating System MSA Measurement System Analysis MSB Most Significant Bit MSC Marketing Status Code MSP Military Special Products MSI Medium Scale Integration MT Medium Term MTBF Mean Time Between Failures MTS Member of Technical Staff MTTR Mean Time To Repair MVS Multiple Virtual Storage MUX Multiplexer NABC North America Business Center NAD North America Division NDW Net Die per Wafer NAUs Network Addressable Units NBP New Business Plan NBS National Bureau of Standards NCSA National center for Supercomputing Applications NCP Network Control Program NDA Non-Disclosure Agreement NET Network Equipment Technologies NETBIOS Network Basic Input/Output NGP Next General Product, internal code for advanced BiCMOS NFARS Network File Access Routines NFC Need For Change NFS Network File System NFT Network File Transfer NIC Network Interface Controller NICE NSC Integrated Customer Service Envelope NISO N-well ISOlation (mixed signal) NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NIH Not Invented Here NLM NetWare-Loadable Module NMM National Marketing Manager NMOS MOS transistor with N-type channels N-channel NOVA NSC On- line Viewing Access system NPBA New Products Business Analysis NPD New Product Development NPEP New Product Execution Plan NPI New Product Introduction NPIM New Package Introduction Method NPPRS New Product Phase Review System NPS National Planning System strategic planning process NRE Non-Recurring Engineering (charge) NS National Semiconductor NSA National Security Agency NSID NSC internal part IDentification NSC National Semiconductor Corp. NSQ Non-Stop Quality NSR Network Service Request NSCB NSC Cebu, Philippines Site NSEM NSC Malacca, Malaysia Site NSEP NSC Penang, Malaysia Site NSFM NSC S. Portland, Maine Site NSJK NSC Chiba Shi, Japan Site NSSC NSC Santa Clara, Ca site NSSG NSC Singapore Site NSSL NSC West Jordan, Utah Site NSTE NSC Arlington, Texas Site NSUK NSC Greenock, Scotland Site NSVM Natioanl Shareholder Value Management NSQ Non-Stop Quality NSVDT Negotiating Skills Value Delivery Team NTPRS New Technology Phase Review System NTS Net Trade Sales NVD Non-Volatile Device NVM Non-Volatile Memory OBM Operations Business Manager, heads up production control OCR Optical Character Recognition OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OLE Object Linking and Embedding OS Operating System OSD Original Schedule Delivery,% orders deliver whensaid would OSI Open System Interconnection OTP One-Time Programmable OV Office Vision P & L Profit and Loss PA Product Announcement PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange PAD Packet Assembler/Disassembler PAE Product Application Engineer PAL Programmable Array Logic PAP Price, Availability Process PAT Plant Action Team; Profit After Tax PBC Product Business Case PBID PriceBook IDentifier PBT Price Before Tax; Profit Before Tax PC Personal Computer; Production Control PCB Printed Circuit Board PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCM Pulse Code Modulation PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCN Product Change Notice PCP Personal Computer Peripheral(s) PCS Personal Communication System PCTCP Personal Computer Transfer Control Protocol Pd Period PDA Personal Digital Assistance PDAL Product Definition Approval List PDF Product Discontinuance Form PDP Product Development Plan PDS Product Definition System PDT Product Development Technology PE Product Engineer(ing) PECL Positive Rail ECL PECVD Plasma Etch CVD PEF Process Experiment Form PEM Product Engineering Manager PEP Performance Enhancement Program PERL Practical Extraction and Report Language PERT Project Evaluation and Review Technique PGA Pin Grid Array PHEMOS PHoto Emission MicrOScope PIQ Polyimide PL Product Line PLA Programmable Logic Array PLBS Product Line Business Strategy PLCC Plastic Lead Chip Carrier PLD Programmable Logic Device; Product Line Director PLL Phased Locked Loop PLM Product Line Manager PLP Product Launch Plan PLPC Product Line Production Control PLSM Plasma Laboratory PM Product Management; Preventative Maintenance PME Product Marketing Engineer PMF Product Master File PMM Product Marketing Manager PMOS P-channel Metal Oxide Silicon PMP Product Migration Plan PMS Product Marketing Status PO Purchase Order POA Potential Opportunity Analysis POD Point Of Delivery POE Pursuit Of Excellence POM Product Of the Month POP Process Oriented EPROM POS Point Of Sales POTS Plain Old Telephone Service PPA Project Proposal Approval; Potential Problem Analysis PPBC Preliminary Product Business Case PPDP Preliminary Product Development Plan PPG Programmable Products Group PPI Plan Position Indicator PPM Parts Per Million PPRS Preliminary Product Requirements Specification PPS Portable Personal Systems PPT Personal Productivity Tools PQA Product Quality Assurance Correlation request PQFP Plastic Quad Flat Package PR Publicity Release; Purchase Requisition; Public Relations PRL Port Recreation Logic (pearl die) PROM Programmable Read Only Memory PRS Product Requirements Specification PS Personal Systems; Product Strategy PSAD Programmable Sense Amp Delay PSR Photoresist Stripper Rinse PSW Processor Status Word PTD Period To Date PTG Packaging Technology Group PU Physical Unit PWM Pulse Width Modulation QA Quality Assurance QABB Quality Bulletin Board QASD Quality Assurance Systems Development QA & R Quality, Assurance and Reliability QBR Quarter Business Review QBE Query By Example QDR Quantity Discrepancy claim Request QE Quality Express QC Quality Control QFD Quality Function Deployment QFP Quad Flat Pack QIP Quality Improvement Plan QOS Quality Operating System QP Qual Plan QPL Qualified Parts List QS FACT Quiet Series QSA Quality System Assessment QTD Quarter To Date QTL Q2 Test Language QTR Quarter QUIC QUality Information & Communications System R&A Returns and Allowances R & D Research and Development RAM Random Access Memory RASP Retirement And Savings Plan RBC Regional Business Center RBD Regional Business Division REL RELiability REV REVision RF Radio Frequency RFC Request For Comments (Internet proposed standard doc) RFI Radio Frequency Interference; Request For Information RFQ Request For Quotation RFS Request For Shipment RFSS Request For System Support RIC Repeater Interface Controller RIE Reactive Ion Etch RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing RMA Return Material Authorization RMC Rack Mount Computer RMOS Reference Material Ordering System (x6684) RMP Reliability Monitor Program ROCA Return On Controllable Assets (Mil-Aero) ROE Return On Equity ROI Return On Investment ROM Read Only Memory RONA Return On Net Assets RSCS Remote Spooling Communications Subsystem RSM Regional Sales Manager RSVP Reward Services and Value Provided RTS Reliability Test Services RTC Real Time Clock RTFDB Read the Flipping Data Book RUBY Random Unit BuYoff S Schottky Logic SAC Semiconductor Assembly Council SAG Situation at A Glance SAM Served Available Market SAMARI Sales And Marketing Analysis of Resales and Inventory SAS Statistical Analysis Software SBE Strategic Business Element SBEM Strategic Business Element Manager SBI Strategic Business Initiative SBP Strategic Business Plan SBP1 Strategic Business Plan 1, the 5 yr. strategic plan SBP2 Strategic Business Plan 2, the 5 yr. fin/operations plan SBU Strategic Business Unit SC Santa Clara SCAN Serial Control Access Network, NSC's boundary-scan family SCEM Small Computer Expendability Module SCOPE System Controllability, Observability, Partitioning Envir SCP Single Chip Package SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface SCVC Santa Clara Valley Chapter SDK Software Development Kit SDP Standard Digital Products SDLC Synchronous Data-Link Control SE Sales Engineer SEA South East Asia SEC Securities and Exchange Commission SEM Scanning Electronic Microscope SEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International SFAS Statement of Financial Accounting Standards SGML Standard Graphic Mark-up Language SIMM Single In-line Memory Module SIMS Secondary Ion Mass Spectrum SIO Super I/O SIP Single In-line Package SISO Serial In Serial Out SLIC Standard Linear Integrated Circuit SLIC Subscriber Line Interface Circuit SLM Single Layer Metal SLMC Supply Line Management Center SMART Sales & Marketing Analysis, Reporting & Tracking SMCC Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation SMD Surface Mounted Device SMM Senior Marketing Manager; Strategic Marketing Manager SMS Sales and Marketing Synergy; Semiconductor Material System SMS Strategic Market Segment SMSC SMS Steering Committee SMT Surface Mount Technology SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNA System Network Architecture (IBM term) SNI Serial Network Interface SNIC Serial Network Interface controller SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SO Small Outline (package) SOG Spin On Glass SOIC Small Outline Integrated Circuit SOM Share Of Market SONIC System Oriented Network Interface Controller SOP Standard Operating Procedure SPARC Scalable Processor ARChitecture SP System Product SPC Statistical Process Control SPDT Single Pole, Single Throw SPEC SPECification SPG Standard Products Group SQC Statistical Quality Control SQL Structured Query Language SRAM Static Random Access Memory SRC Signal Routing Card; Semiconductor Research Center SRD Software Requirement Document;Spin Rinse Dryer SRP Spreading Resistance Probe SRT Source Routing Transparent STD STanDard STI STrategic Inventory STP Shielded Twisted Pair SVG Staggered Virtual Ground SVGA SuperVGA SW SoftWare SWISS Semiconductor Worldwide Integrated Service System T&H Temperature & Humidity (REL test) TA Travel Authorization TA Tel Aviv, NSC at Israel TAB Tape Automated Bonding TAM Total Available Market; Telecommunications Access Method TAS Training Audit System TBA To Be Announced TDB To Be Determined TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TCV Technology Characterization Vehicle TDDB Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown TE Terminal Emulation; Test Engineer(ing) TEAM Technology Evolution And Management TECN Temporary ECN TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy THBT Temperature & Humidity Biased Test = T&H TJV Transfer Journal Voucher TLA Three Letter Acronym TLT Team Leader Training TMCL Temperature Cycle (REL test) TM Trade Mark TMP Terminal Management Processor T0 Time 0 TP Test Program TPX Terminal Productivity eXtension TQ Total Quality TQC Total Quality Control TQM Total Quality Manager TQRDCEB Technology Quality Responsiveness Delivery Cost Environm Awareness & Business Practice TRIC Token Ring Interface Controller TROPIC Token Ring Protocol Interface Controller TPX Terminal Productivity eXtension TSM Target Segment Marketing; Target System Marketing TSO Time Sharing Option TSR Total Shareholder Return;Terminate and Stay Resident (softwareProgram) TSS Time Sharing System TTBE Time To Break Even TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic TVS Triangular Voltage Sweep UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter uC microController UDP User Datagram Protocol ULSI Ultra LSI uP microProcessor UPH Units Per Hour URD User Requirement Document URL Uniform Resource Locator USC UnderShoot Corrector (circuit for reducing undershoot) USG Undoped Silicon Glass UT Ultra Tech UTP Untwisted Pair (wiring) UV UltraViolet VAN Vehicle Area Network VAR Value-Added Reseller VAX Virtual Address eXtension VBB ECL Threshold Bias Voltage VCC IC Power Supply Voltage (TTL) VDD IC Power Supply Voltage (MOS) VEE IC Power Voltage DC (ECL) VESA Video Equipment Standards Association VGA Video Graphics Array VFPT Very Fine Pitch Technology ( < 15 mils) VHSIC Very High Speed Integrated circuit VIH Voltage Input High VIHD Dynamic VIH (IC Switching) VIL Voltage Input Low VILD Dynamic VIL (IC Switching) VIP Variable Incentive Program VLB VESA Local Bus VLSI Very LSI VM Virtual Machine VOH Voltage Output High VOHP Quiet Output HIGH Noise Voltage, positive peak (overshoot) VOHV Output HIGH Noise Voltage, negative valley (VCC drop) VOL Voltage Output Low VOLP Quiet Output LOW Noise Voltage, positive peak gnd bounce VOLV Output LOW Noise Voltage, negative valley (undershoot) VOM Vapox On Metal VP Vice President VP/GM Vice President & General Manager VPNP Vertical PNP VTR Vertical Thermal Reactor VVC Volume Variable Costs WAN Wide Area Network WAW Why Ask Why? WDS Wavelength Dispersive Microscopy WINN Working In the New National WIP Work In Process WLR Wafer Level Reliability WOF Wall Of Fame WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get WW Work Week; World Wide WWW WorldWideWeb XTAL CrysTAL oscillator YTD Year To Date ZIF Zero Insertion Force ZTT Zero Test Time common-used faces :-) Smily face ;-) Smirk/wink 8-) Goggle-eyes B-) Geekoid :-( Sad face :-o WoW! :-| Bored +-) Drunk AC Alternating Current (vs DC) ACK Acknowledge (logic signal) ACIA Asynchronous Communication Interface Adapter ACL Advanced CMOS Logic (as in 74ACL245) A/D Analog to Digital AF Audio Frequency AFC Automatic Frequency Control AGC Automatic Gain Control AI Artificial Intelligence ALC Automatic Level Control ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit A/N Alphanumeric ANSI American National Standards Institute ARRL American Radio Relay League AS Advanced Schottky (as in 74AS245) ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit ASK Amplitude-Shift Keying ATC Air Traffic Control AV Audio/Visual AVC Automatic Volume Control BASIC Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BBD Bucket Brigade Device BCD Binary Coded Decimal BEV Billion Electron Volts BIFET BIpolar Field-Effect Transistor BNC Baby N Connector BPI Bits Per Inch BPS Bits Per Second BTW By The Way B&W Black & White (TV) BW BandWidth CAD Computer Assisted Design CADA Computer Assisted Design and Analysis CADD Computer Assisted Design and Development CAE Computer Assisted Engineering CAM Computer Assisted Manufacturing CAN CANcel CAS Column-Address Strobe (logic signal) CATV CAble TeleVision CB Citizens' Band CBI Complementary Binary CC Constant Current CCD Charge Coupled Device (used in cameras) CCITT International Telegraphy/Telephony Consultative Committee CCTV Closed Circuit TeleVision CCW Counter Clock-Wise CD Compact Disk CD-I Compact Disk - Interactive CD-ROM Compact Disk - Read Only Memory CECL Cascode Emitter-Coubled Logic CEMF Counter ElectroMotive Force CerDIP Ceramic Dual Inline Package CES Consumer Electronics Show CF Center Frequency CFM Cubic Feet per Minute CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer (vs RISC) CL Current Loop CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CP/M Control Program for Microcomputers (operating system) CPI Character Per Inch CPU Central Processing Unit CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check (error detection scheme) CRT Cathode Ray Tube (TV/Monitor display, vs LCD) CS Control Strobe (logic signal) CSA Canadian Standards Association (UL's Canadian counterpart) CTC Counter/Timer Circuit CTS Clear To Send (protocol signal) CV Constant Voltage CVT Constant Voltage Transformer (aka ferroresonant by Sola(tm)) CW ClockWise D/A Digital to Analog DAC Digital to Analog Converter | Data Acquisition and Control DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DAV Data AValiable | DatA Valid (logic signal) dB deciBel DBA DeciBels - Adjusted DBK DeciBels - referred to 1 Kilowatt dBM DeciBels - above or below 1 milliwatt DBV DeciBels - Voltage DBX DeciBels - above reference coupling DC Direct Current (vs AC) DCD Data Carrier Detect (protocol signal) DES Data Encription Standard DIAC Bilateral trigger diode DIL Dual In Line DIN Deutsche Industrie Normenausschuss (German Standards) DIP Dual Inline Package DLC Dual-Layer Capacitor DMA Direct Memory Access DMM Digital MultiMeter DOD Department of Defense DOS Disk Operating System DOT Department of Transportation DP Data Processing DPDT Dual Pole Dual Throw (as in a switch) DPI Dots Per Inch (as in resolution) DPST Dual Pole Single Throw (as in a switch) DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DS Data Strobe (logic signal) DSO Digital Storage Oscilloscope DSP Digital Signal Processing DTL Diode Transistor Logic (predecessor of TTL) DTMF Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (aka Touch Tones(tm)) DTR Data Terminal Ready (protcol signal) DVM Digital Volt-Meter E2PROM Electricaly Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EAPROM Electricaly Alterable Read Only Memory EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ECC Error Checking and Correction ECL Emitter Coupled Logic EEPROM Electricaly Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter EIA Electronics Industries Association EL ElectroLuminescent ELF Extremly Low Frequency EMF ElectroMotive Force EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference EMP ElectroMagnetic Pulse ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrater and Computer 1stcomputer EOT End Of Transmission (protocol signal) EPLD Electricaly Programmable Logic Device EPROM Electricaly Programmable Read Only Memory EQ EQualizer ESA European Space Agency ESD Electrostatic Sensitive Device (aka CMOS :-) ESR Equivalent Series Resistance EV Electron Volt F Farad (measure of capacitance) FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL (as in 74F245) FAX Facsimile FCC Federal Communications Commision FDC Floppy Disk Controller FET Field Effect Transistor FF Flip Flop FFT Fast Fourier Transform FIFO First In First Out FILO First In Last Out FM Frequency Modulation FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation FP Floating Point FPLA Field Programmable Logic Array FPU Floating Point Unit FSK Frequency-Shift Keying FTP File Transfer Protocol FUBAR Fouled/F***ed Up Beyond Any Recognition/Repair FVC Frequency to Voltage Converter GA Gate Array GAL Generic Array Logic GCS Gate Controller Switch GFCI Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter GFI Ground Fault Interrupter GFLOPS Billions of FLOating Point operations per Second GIGO Garbage In Garbage Out GND GrouND GPIB General Purpose Interface Bus GPS Global Positioning System HAL Hardwired Array Logic HC High speed Cmos (as in 74HC245) HCT High speed Cmos with Ttl thersholds (as in 74HCT245) HD High Density HDC Hard Disk Controller HDTV High Definition TeleVision HDX Half DupleX HER High Efficiency Red (as in a LED) HET Hetetodyne HF High Frequency HFS Hierarchical File System HIC Hybrid Integrated Circuit HP Hewlett Packard (company) | Horse Power HPIB Hewlett Packard Interface Bus HPIL Hewlett Packard Interface Loop (as in HP41CX calculator) HTL High Threshold Logic HVDC High Volatage Direct Current HVPS High Volatage Power Supply Hz Hertz (cycles per second) I2ICE Integrated Instrumentation and InCircuit Emulation IA Instrumentation Amplifier IC Integrated Circuit ICE InCircuit Emulation IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IF Intermediate Frequency IGFET Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor IMHO In My Humble Opinion IMNHO In My Not so Humble Opinion IOB Input/Output processor IP Interface Processor IR Current/Resistance | InfraRed IRED InfraRed Emitting Diode ISA Instrument Society of America ISN Information Systems Network ISO In Search Of JEDEC Joint Electron Device Engineering Council JFET Junction Field Effect Transistor JIS Japanese Industrial Standard JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory JUG Joint Users Group K Kilo (1000 units) KA KiloAmpere (1000A) KBPS KiloBits Per Second KEV Kilo Electron Volts KHz Kilo Hertz (1000 cycles per second) KVA Kilo Volt Amperes KWH Kilo Watt Hours L Inductance L2FET Logic Level Field Effect Transistor LAN Local Area Network LASCR Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LC Inductance and Capacitance LCD Liquid Crystal Display LCM Least/Lowest Common Multiple LD Line Driver LED Light Emitting Diode LF Low Frequency LIFO Last In First Out LISP LISt Processing (language) LO Local Oscillator LORAN LOng RAnge Navigation LP Low Pass LPC Linear Predictive Coding LPM Lines Per Minute LPT Line PrinTer (port - aka parallel port - of IBM PC fame) LSB Least Significant Bit LSD Least Significant Digit LSI Large Scale Integration LUT Look Up Table LW Long Wave MB MegaBytes (1024 * 1024 bytes) MBPS Million Bytes Per Second MCA Micro Channel Architecture (IBM PS/2's bus MCU MicroComputer Unit MDAC Multiplying Digital to Analog Converter MECL Motorola Emitter Coupled Logic MFLOPS Millions of FLOating Point operations per Second MFM Modified Frequency Modulation MHz MegaHertz MIDI Music Instrument Digital Interface MIL MILitary MIPS Millions of Instructions Per Second MMU Memory Management Unit MO Master Oscillator MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor MOV Metal Oxide Varistor MPU Main Processing Unit MR Magnetic Resonance MS-DOS MicroSoft Disk Operating System MSB Most Significant Bit MSD Most Significant Digit MSI Medium Scale Intergration MTBF Mean Time Between Failures MTS Multichannel Television Sound (aka Stereo TV) MUX Multiplexer NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NC Not Connected (pin) | Normally Closed (switch/relay) NEDA National Electronics Distributors Association NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association NF NanoFarad (measure of capacitance) NFS Network File Server NiCad Nickel Cadmium (rechargable battery) TM of Saft America NMOS N-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NO Normally Open (switch/relay) NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NORAD NORth American Defense NPN Negative Positive Negative (as in 2N2222 transistor) NPO Negative Positive 0 temperature coefficient cermaic caps NPR Nations Public Radio NRZ Non Return to Zero NRZI Non Return to Zero Invert NSB National Science Board NSF National Science Foundation NSPE National Society of Professional Engineers NT Network Terminator NTC Negative Temperature Coefficient NTSC National Television Systems Committee Never The Same Color twice OC Open Collector OCR Optical Character Recognition OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OS Operating System OSCAR Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflectrometry OTOH On The Other Hand OTP One Time Programmable (as in PROM or plastic EPROM) OVP Over Voltage Protection PA Power Amplifier | Public Address PAL Programmable Array Logic (TM of Monolithic Memories) PBX Perivate Branch eXchange PC Personal Computer | Printed Circuit | Program Counter PCB Printed Circuit Board PCC Plastic Chip Carrier PCM Pulse Code Modulation PEC PhotoElectric Cell PF Power Factor PG Power Gain PGA Pin Grid Array PIA Peripheral Interface Adapter PIC Priority Interrupt Controller Prallax'es microcontroller name PIV Peak Inverse Voltage PLA Programmable Logic Array PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier PLD Programmable Logic Device PLL Phase Locked Loop PM Phase Modulation | Pulse Modulation PNP Positive Negative Positive (transistor) POS Point Of Sale POV Peak Operating Voltage PPM Parts Per Million PPS Pulses Per Second PRN Pseudo Random Noise PROM Programmable Read Only Memory PSG Programmable Sound Generator PSI Pounds per Square Inch (pressure) PSK Phase Shift Keying PTT Push To Talk (microphone) PUT Programmable Unijunction Transistor PV PhotoVoltaic PWM Pulse Width Modulation PWR PoWeR QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control QIC Quarter Inch Cartridge QIP Quad Inline Package QSM Quad Surface Mount R&D Research and Development RAD Radiation Absorbed Dose RADAR RAdio Detection And Ranging RAM Random Access Memory RAS Row Address Strobe (logic signal) RC Radio Control | Resistance and Capacitance RCV ReCeiVe RD Receive Data | ReaD (logic signal) RDA Deceive Data RDY ReaDY REM Roentgen equivalent man REP Roentgen equivalent Physical RET RETurn RF Radio Frequency RFI Radio Frequency Interference RGB Red Green Blue RH Relative Humidity RHDP Right Hand Decimal Point RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer (vs CISC) RLC Resistance Inductance Capacitance RLG Ring Laser Gyroscope RMI Radio Magnetic Interference RMS Root Mean Square ROM Read Only Memory RPM Revolutions Per Minute RPN Reverse Polish Notation (as in HP calculators) RPS Revolutions Per Second RS Reed Solomon (error correction) RT Real Time | Rise Time RTD Resistance Temperature Detector RTI Real Time Interrupt RTL Resistor Transistor Logic RTOS Real Time Operating System RTS Request To Send (protocol signal) S/H Sample and Hold S/N Signal to Noise (ratio) SAW Surface Acoustic Wave SBC Single Board Computer SCA SubCarrier Adapter SCI Serial Communication Interface SCL Serial CLock SCR Silicon Controller Rectifier SCS Silicon Controller Switch SCSI Small Computer System Interface SDI Strategic Defense Initiative SEM Scanning Electron Microscope SEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute SFC polyStyrene Film Capacitor SG Signal Ground SI Syste^me International (international system of units) SIMM Single Inline Memory Module SIO Serial Input and Output SIPO Serial In Parallel Out SLC Sigle Layer Ceramic (capacitor) SM Surface Mount SMD Surface Mount Device SNR Signal to Noise Ratio SO Serial Output | Small Outline | Significant Other SOIC Small Outline Integrated Circuit SOJ Small Outline J-leaded (chip package) SOLV SOLenoid Valve SONAR SOund NAvigation and Ranging SOP Small Outline Package SP Signal Processor | Stack Pointer SPDT Single Pole Double Throw (switch) SPI Serial to Parallel Interface SPICE Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis SPL Sound Pressure Level SPST Single Pole Single Throw (switch) SQL Structured Query Language (for databases) SR Shift Register SRAM Static Random Access Memory SSB Single SideBand SSI Small Scale Integration SSR Solid State Relay SSTV Slow Scan TeleVision SW Short Wave T/H Track and Hold TC Temperature Coefficient TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TD Tunnel Diode TDD Telecomunication Devices for the Deaf TEM Transverse Electromagnetic (wave) TF Transfer Function TFD Thin Film Detector TFEL Thin Film ElectroLuminescent TFT Thin Film Transistor THD Total Harmonic Distortion THz TetraHertz TIG Tungsten Inert Gas TM Transverse Magnetic (wave) TR Transient Response TS Time Sharing TTL Transistor Transistor Logic TV TeleVision TWT Traveling Wave Tube UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter uF micro Farad (measure of capacitance) UHF Ultra High Frequency UHV Ultra High Vacuum UJT UniJunction Transistor UL Underwriters Laboratories ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration UPC Universal Product Code UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply USART Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UTC Universal Time Code UV UltraViolet UVA UltraViolet Alpha UVB UltraViolet Beta VA Volt Ampere VAC Volts Alternating Current VAR VARiable VCC Supply Voltage - positive VCD Variable Capacitance Diode VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator VCR Video Cassette Recorder VDC Volts Direct Current VDD Supply Voltage - negative VF Vacuum Fluorecent VFC Voltage to Frequency Converter VFO Variable Frequency Oscillator (vs a crystal oscillator) VHF Very High Frequency VLF Very Low Frequency VLSI Very Large Scale Integration VLT Video Look up Table VOL VOLume VOM Volt OhmMeter VOX Voice Operated transmit ("trans" = X as in "Xmitter") VR Voltage Regulator VRAM Video Random Access Memory (aka Very fast RAM) VS Vertical Sync VSS Supply Voltage - Negative VT Virtual Terminal VTM Voltage Tunable Magnetron VTVM Vacuum Tube Volt Meter VXO Variable crystal Oscilator WACK Wait before ACKowledge WDT Watch Dog Timer WHR Watt HouR WP Word Processor WPM Words Per Minute WR WRite (logic signal) WV Working Voltage WW Wire Wound | Wire Wrap XMT TransMiT XTAL crysTAL YAG Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (laser) YIG Yttrium Iron Garnet ZD Zero Defects ZIF Zero Insertion Force ZIP Zigzag Inline Package | Compression scheme ACLV AutoCLaVe (REL test) ASAP As Soon As Possible ASCII American Standard code for Information Interchange ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit ASP Average Selling Price ATE Automated Test Equipment BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BBS Bulletin Board System BCD Binary Coded Decimal CAD Computer Aided Design CAE Computer Aided Engineering CAI Computer Aided Instruction CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing CAT Corporate Action Team (to analyze Employee Survey Results) CATV Cable Television CDROM Compact Disc Read Only Memory CEO Chief Executive Officer CFO Chief Financial Officer CGI Common Gateway Interface CIA Cash In Advance CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturer CMOS Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon CMYK Cyan-Magenta_Yellow_Key (usually black) CODEC COmpressor/DECompressor COO Chief Operations Officer COP Calculator On Processor COS Cost Of Sales COT Customer Owned Tooling CP Control Program CPK Process Capability Index CPU Central Processing Unit CRT Cathode Ray Tube CTO Chief Technical Officer DOA Dead On Arrival DOD Department Of Defense (US government) DOS Disk Operating System for personal computer DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DRC Design Rules Check DSO Distributor Sales Out (resales) DSP Digital Signal Processor DTE Data Terminal Equipment DUT Device Under Test ECL Emitter-Coupled Logic, bipolar process ECN Engineering Change Notice EEPROM Electronically Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory EM Mallaca, Malaysia; ElectroMigration EMAIL Electronic Mail EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EMI Electromagnetic Interference EOF End Of Field EOL End of Life; End of Line EON Engineering Order Number EPROM Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory EPS Earnings Per Share ESD Electro Static Discharge; Embedded Systems Division ET Electric Test (before WS) FA Failure Analysis FAB FABrication (Plant) FAE Field Applications Engineer FAQ Frequently Asked Question FAX Facsimile FCC Federal Communications Commission FEA Finite Element Analysis FET Field Effect Transistor FIFO First in First Out FMEA Failure Mode Effect Analysis FOX Field OXide FPA Floating Point Accelerator FRC Fairchild Research Center FTP File Transfer Protocol FY Fiscal Year FYA For Your Amusement FYI For Your Information GaAS Galluim Arsenide GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out GIF Graphic Interchange Format GNP Gross National Product GP Gross Profit GPIB General Purpose Instrument Bus GUI Graphical User Interface HDL High Level Design Language HDTV High Definition Television HR Human Resources HTML HyperText Markup Language IC Integrated Circuit IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers IIH Input Current High IIL Input Current Low IMHO In My Humble Opinion IMNSHO In My NOT SO Humble Opinion IO Input-Output IOH Output Current High IOL Output Current Low IOS Output Short Circuit Current IOZ Output Current Tristate IR InfraRed IrDA Infrared Data Association IRQ Interrupt Request Line IRR Internal Rate of Return IS Information Systems JFET Junction Field Effect Transistor JIT Just In Time KEIP Key Employee Incentive Program KGD Known Good Die LAN Local Area Network LCD Liquid Crystal Display LDO Low-Dropout Regulator LED Light Emitting Diode LIFO Last In, First Out LNA Low Noise Amplifier LOA Leave Of Absence LPCVD Low Pressure CVD LSB Least Significant Bit LSI Large Scale Integration LT Long Term; Less Than LTO Low Temperature Oxide LVS Layout Versus Schematic MARCOMM MARketing COMMunications MILAERO MILitary, AEROspace MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension MIPS Million Instructions Per Second MOS Metal-Oxide-Silicon, type of transistor structure MOSFET Metal-Oxide-Silicon Field Effect Transistor MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group MPU Microprocessor Unit MS Mail Stop MSDOS Microsoft's Disk Operating System MSB Most Significant Bit MTBF Mean Time Between Failures MTS Member of Technical Staff MUX Multiplexer NBP New Business Plan NBS National Bureau of Standards NDA Non-Disclosure Agreement NICE NSC Integrated Customer Service Envelope NISO N-well ISOlation (mixed signal) NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NIH Not Invented Here NMOS MOS transistor N-channel Metal Oxide Silicon NPD New Product Development NPEP New Product Execution Plan NPI New Product Introduction NPIM New Package Introduction Method NPPRS New Product Phase Review System NS National Semiconductor NSA National Security Agency NSC National Semiconductor Corp. NSQ Non-Stop Quality NSR Network Service Request NSCB NSC Cebu, Philippines Site NSEM NSC Malacca, Malaysia Site NSEP NSC Penang, Malaysia Site NSFM NSC S. Portland, Maine Site NSJK NSC Chiba Shi, Japan Site NSSC NSC Santa Clara, Ca site NSSG NSC Singapore Site NSSL NSC West Jordan, Utah Site NSTE NSC Arlington, Texas Site NSUK NSC Greenock, Scotland Site NSVM Natioanl Shareholder Value Management NSQ Non-Stop Quality NSVDT Negotiating Skills Value Delivery Team NTPRS New Technology Phase Review System NTS Net Trade Sales NVD Non-Volatile Device NVM Non-Volatile Memory OBM Operations Business Manager, heads up production control OCR Optical Character Recognition OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OLE Object Linking and Embedding OS Operating System P & L Profit and Loss PAL Programmable Array Logic PAT Plant Action Team; Profit After Tax PBT Price Before Tax; Profit Before Tax PCB Printed Circuit Board PCM Pulse Code Modulation PDA Personal Digital Assistance PE Product Engineer(ing) PECVD Plasma Etch CVD PL Product Line PLA Programmable Logic Array PLCC Plastic Lead Chip Carrier PLD Programmable Logic Device; Product Line Director PLL Phased Locked Loop PLM Product Line Manager PLP Product Launch Plan PLPC Product Line Production Control PLSM Plasma Laboratory PM Product Management; Preventative Maintenance PME Product Marketing Engineer PMF Product Master File PMM Product Marketing Manager PMOS P-channel Metal Oxide Silicon PMP Product Migration Plan PMS Product Marketing Status PO Purchase Order POD Point Of Delivery POE Pursuit Of Excellence PPM Parts Per Million PQFP Plastic Quad Flat Package PROM Programmable Read Only Memory PRS Product Requirements Specification PWM Pulse Width Modulation QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control QFP Quad Flat Pack R & D Research and Development RAM Random Access Memory RASP Retirement And Savings Plan RF Radio Frequency RFI Radio Frequency Interference; Request For Information RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing ROE Return On Equity ROI Return On Investment ROM Read Only Memory SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface SEC Securities and Exchange Commission SEM Scanning Electronic Microscope SEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International SGML Standard Graphic Mark-up Language SIMM Single In-line Memory Module SIMS Secondary Ion Mass Spectrum SIO Super I/O SIP Single In-line Package SISO Serial In Serial Out SLIC Standard Linear Integrated Circuit SLIC Subscriber Line Interface Circuit SOIC Small Outline Integrated Circuit SOM Share Of Market SOP Standard Operating Procedure SPARC Scalable Processor ARChitecture SPC Statistical Process Control SPDT Single Pole, Single Throw SPEC SPECification SRAM Static Random Access Memory TA Travel Authorization TBA To Be Announced TDB To Be Determined TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy THBT Temperature & Humidity Biased Test = T&H TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter uC microController VAR Value-Added Reseller VAX Virtual Address eXtension VBB ECL Threshold Bias Voltage VCC IC Power Supply Voltage (TTL) VDD IC Power Supply Voltage (MOS) VEE IC Power Voltage DC (ECL) VGA Video Graphics Array VIH Voltage Input High VIHD Dynamic VIH (IC Switching) VIL Voltage Input Low VILD Dynamic VIL (IC Switching) VIP Variable Incentive Program VLB VESA Local Bus VLSI Very LSI VM Virtual Machine VOH Voltage Output High VOHP Quiet Output HIGH Noise Voltage, positive peak (overshoot) VOHV Output HIGH Noise Voltage, negative valley (VCC drop) VOL Voltage Output Low VOLP Quiet Output LOW Noise Volt,positive peak (ground bounce) VOLV Output LOW Noise Voltage, negative valley (undershoot) VOM Vapox On Metal VP Vice President VP/GM Vice President & General Manager VPNP Vertical PNP VTR Vertical Thermal Reactor VVC Volume Variable Costs WAN Wide Area Network WAW Why Ask Why? WDS Wavelength Dispersive Microscopy WINN Working In the New National WIP Work In Process WLR Wafer Level Reliability WOF Wall Of Fame WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get WW Work Week; World Wide WWW WorldWideWeb XTAL CrysTAL oscillator YTD Year To Date ZIF Zero Insertion Force AC Alternating Current (vs DC) ACK Acknowledge (logic signal) ACIA Asynchronous Communication Interface Adapter ACL Advanced CMOS Logic (as in 74ACL245) A/D Analog to Digital AF Audio Frequency AFC Automatic Frequency Control AGC Automatic Gain Control AI Artificial Intelligence ALC Automatic Level Control ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit A/N Alphanumeric ANSI American National Standards Institute ARRL American Radio Relay League AS Advanced Schottky (as in 74AS245) ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit ASK Amplitude-Shift Keying ATC Air Traffic Control AV Audio/Visual AVC Automatic Volume Control BASIC Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BBD Bucket Brigade Device BCD Binary Coded Decimal BEV Billion Electron Volts BIFET BIpolar Field-Effect Transistor BNC Baby N Connector BPI Bits Per Inch BPS Bits Per Second BTW By The Way B&W Black & White (TV) BW BandWidth CAD Computer Assisted Design CADA Computer Assisted Design and Analysis CADD Computer Assisted Design and Development CAE Computer Assisted Engineering CAM Computer Assisted Manufacturing CAN CANcel CAS Column-Address Strobe (logic signal) CATV CAble TeleVision CB Citizens' Band CBI Complementary Binary CC Constant Current CCD Charge Coupled Device (used in cameras) CCITT InternationalTelegraphy+ Telephony Consultative Committee CCTV Closed Circuit TeleVision CCW Counter Clock-Wise CD Compact Disk CD-I Compact Disk - Interactive CD-ROM Compact Disk - Read Only Memory CECL Cascode Emitter-Coubled Logic CEMF Counter ElectroMotive Force CerDIP Ceramic Dual Inline Package CES Consumer Electronics Show CF Center Frequency CFM Cubic Feet per Minute CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer (vs RISC) CL Current Loop CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CP/M Control Program for Microcomputers (operating system) CPI Character Per Inch CPU Central Processing Unit CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check (error detection scheme) CRT Cathode Ray Tube (TV/Monitor display, vs LCD) CS Control Strobe (logic signal) CSA Canadian Standards Association (UL's Canadian counterpart) CTC Counter/Timer Circuit CTS Clear To Send (protocol signal) CV Constant Voltage CVT Constant Voltage Transformer (aka ferroresonant by Sola(tm)) CW ClockWise D/A Digital to Analog DAC Digital to Analog Converter | Data Acquisition and Control DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DAV Data AValiable | DatA Valid (logic signal) dB deciBel DBA DeciBels - Adjusted DBK DeciBels - referred to 1 Kilowatt dBM DeciBels - above or below 1 milliwatt DBV DeciBels - Voltage DBX DeciBels - above reference coupling DC Direct Current (vs AC) DCD Data Carrier Detect (protocol signal) DES Data Encription Standard DIAC Bilateral trigger diode DIL Dual In Line DIN Deutsche Industrie Normenausschuss (German Standards Inst DIP Dual Inline Package DLC Dual-Layer Capacitor DMA Direct Memory Access DMM Digital MultiMeter DOD Department of Defense DOS Disk Operating System DOT Department of Transportation DP Data Processing DPDT Dual Pole Dual Throw (as in a switch) DPI Dots Per Inch (as in resolution) DPST Dual Pole Single Throw (as in a switch) DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DS Data Strobe (logic signal) DSO Digital Storage Oscilloscope DSP Digital Signal Processing DTL Diode Transistor Logic (predecessor of TTL) DTMF Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (aka Touch Tones(tm)) DTR Data Terminal Ready (protcol signal) DVM Digital Volt-Meter E2PROM Electricaly Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EAPROM Electricaly Alterable Read Only Memory EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ECC Error Checking and Correction ECL Emitter Coupled Logic EEPROM Electricaly Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter EIA Electronics Industries Association EL ElectroLuminescent ELF Extremly Low Frequency EMF ElectroMotive Force EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference EMP ElectroMagnetic Pulse ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrater and Computer (aka first computer) EOT End Of Transmission (protocol signal) EPLD Electricaly Programmable Logic Device EPROM Electricaly Programmable Read Only Memory (UltraViolet erased) EQ EQualizer ESA European Space Agency ESD Electrostatic Sensitive Device (aka CMOS :-) ESR Equivalent Series Resistance EV Electron Volt F Farad (measure of capacitance) FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL (as in 74F245) FAX Facsimile FCC Federal Communications Commision FDC Floppy Disk Controller FET Field Effect Transistor FF Flip Flop FFT Fast Fourier Transform FIFO First In First Out FILO First In Last Out FM Frequency Modulation FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation FP Floating Point FPLA Field Programmable Logic Array FPU Floating Point Unit FSK Frequency-Shift Keying FTP File Transfer Protocol FUBAR Fouled/F***ed Up Beyond Any Recognition/Repair FVC Frequency to Voltage Converter GA Gate Array GAL Generic Array Logic GCS Gate Controller Switch GFCI Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter GFI Ground Fault Interrupter GFLOPS Billions of FLOating Point operations per Second GIGO Garbage In Garbage Out GND GrouND GPIB General Purpose Interface Bus GPS Global Positioning System HAL Hardwired Array Logic HC High speed Cmos (as in 74HC245) HCT High speed Cmos with Ttl thersholds (as in 74HCT245) HD High Density HDC Hard Disk Controller HDTV High Definition TeleVision HDX Half DupleX HER High Efficiency Red (as in a LED) HET Hetetodyne HF High Frequency HFS Hierarchical File System HIC Hybrid Integrated Circuit HP Hewlett Packard (company) | Horse Power HPIB Hewlett Packard Interface Bus HPIL Hewlett Packard Interface Loop (as in HP41CX calculator) HTL High Threshold Logic HVDC High Volatage Direct Current HVPS High Volatage Power Supply Hz Hertz (cycles per second) I2ICE Integrated Instrumentation and InCircuit Emulation IA Instrumentation Amplifier IC Integrated Circuit ICE InCircuit Emulation IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IF Intermediate Frequency IGFET Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor IMHO In My Humble Opinion IMNHO In My Not so Humble Opinion IOB Input/Output processor IP Interface Processor IR Current/Resistance | InfraRed IRED InfraRed Emitting Diode ISA Instrument Society of America ISN Information Systems Network ISO In Search Of JEDEC Joint Electron Device Engineering Council JFET Junction Field Effect Transistor JIS Japanese Industrial Standard JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory JUG Joint Users Group K Kilo (1000 units) KA KiloAmpere (1000A) KBPS KiloBits Per Second KEV Kilo Electron Volts KHz Kilo Hertz (1000 cycles per second) KVA Kilo Volt Amperes KWH Kilo Watt Hours L Inductance L2FET Logic Level Field Effect Transistor LAN Local Area Network LASCR Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LC Inductance and Capacitance LCD Liquid Crystal Display LCM Least/Lowest Common Multiple LD Line Driver LED Light Emitting Diode LF Low Frequency LIFO Last In First Out LISP LISt Processing (language) LO Local Oscillator LORAN LOng RAnge Navigation LP Low Pass LPC Linear Predictive Coding LPM Lines Per Minute LPT Line PrinTer (port - aka parallel port - of IBM PC fame) LSB Least Significant Bit LSD Least Significant Digit LSI Large Scale Integration LUT Look Up Table LW Long Wave MB MegaBytes (1024 * 1024 bytes) MBPS Million Bytes Per Second MCA Micro Channel Architecture (IBM PS/2's bus MCU MicroComputer Unit MDAC Multiplying Digital to Analog Converter MECL Motorola Emitter Coupled Logic MFLOPS Millions of FLOating Point operations per Second MFM Modified Frequency Modulation MHz MegaHertz MIDI Music Instrument Digital Interface MIL MILitary MIPS Millions of Instructions Per Second MMU Memory Management Unit MO Master Oscillator MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor MOV Metal Oxide Varistor MPU Main Processing Unit MR Magnetic Resonance MS-DOS MicroSoft Disk Operating System MSB Most Significant Bit MSD Most Significant Digit MSI Medium Scale Intergration MTBF Mean Time Between Failures MTS Multichannel Television Sound (aka Stereo TV) MUX Multiplexer NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NC Not Connected (pin) | Normally Closed (switch/relay) NEDA National Electronics Distributors Association NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association NF NanoFarad (measure of capacitance) NFS Network File Server NiCad Nickel Cadmium (rechargable battery) TM of Saft America NMOS N-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NO Normally Open (switch/relay) NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NORAD NORth American Defense NPN Negative Positive Negative (as in 2N2222 transistor) NPO Negative Positive 0 temperature coefficient(cermaic caps) NPR Nations Public Radio NRZ Non Return to Zero NRZI Non Return to Zero Invert NSB National Science Board NSF National Science Foundation NSPE National Society of Professional Engineers NT Network Terminator NTC Negative Temperature Coefficient NTSC NationalTelevisionSystemsCommittee(NeverTheSameColortwice OC Open Collector OCR Optical Character Recognition OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OS Operating System OSCAR Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflectrometry OTOH On The Other Hand OTP One Time Programmable (as in PROM or plastic EPROM) OVP Over Voltage Protection PA Power Amplifier | Public Address PAL Programmable Array Logic (TM of Monolithic Memories) PBX Perivate Branch eXchange PC Personal Computer | Printed Circuit | Program Counter PCB Printed Circuit Board PCC Plastic Chip Carrier PCM Pulse Code Modulation PEC PhotoElectric Cell PF Power Factor PG Power Gain PGA Pin Grid Array PIA Peripheral Interface Adapter PIC PriorityInterruptController|Prallax'es microcontroll name PIV Peak Inverse Voltage PLA Programmable Logic Array PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier PLD Programmable Logic Device PLL Phase Locked Loop PM Phase Modulation | Pulse Modulation PNP Positive Negative Positive (transistor) POS Point Of Sale POV Peak Operating Voltage PPM Parts Per Million PPS Pulses Per Second PRN Pseudo Random Noise PROM Programmable Read Only Memory PSG Programmable Sound Generator PSI Pounds per Square Inch (pressure) PSK Phase Shift Keying PTT Push To Talk (microphone) PUT Programmable Unijunction Transistor PV PhotoVoltaic PWM Pulse Width Modulation PWR PoWeR QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control QIC Quarter Inch Cartridge QIP Quad Inline Package QSM Quad Surface Mount R&D Research and Development RAD Radiation Absorbed Dose RADAR RAdio Detection And Ranging RAM Random Access Memory RAS Row Address Strobe (logic signal) RC Radio Control | Resistance and Capacitance RCV ReCeiVe RD Receive Data | ReaD (logic signal) RDA Deceive Data RDY ReaDY REM Roentgen equivalent man REP Roentgen equivalent Physical RET RETurn RF Radio Frequency RFI Radio Frequency Interference RGB Red Green Blue RH Relative Humidity RHDP Right Hand Decimal Point RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer (vs CISC) RLC Resistance Inductance Capacitance RLG Ring Laser Gyroscope RMI Radio Magnetic Interference RMS Root Mean Square ROM Read Only Memory RPM Revolutions Per Minute RPN Reverse Polish Notation (as in HP calculators) RPS Revolutions Per Second RS Reed Solomon (error correction) RT Real Time | Rise Time RTD Resistance Temperature Detector RTI Real Time Interrupt RTL Resistor Transistor Logic RTOS Real Time Operating System RTS Request To Send (protocol signal) S/H Sample and Hold S/N Signal to Noise (ratio) SAW Surface Acoustic Wave SBC Single Board Computer SCA SubCarrier Adapter SCI Serial Communication Interface SCL Serial CLock SCR Silicon Controller Rectifier SCS Silicon Controller Switch SCSI Small Computer System Interface SDI Strategic Defense Initiative SEM Scanning Electron Microscope SEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute SFC polyStyrene Film Capacitor SG Signal Ground SI Syste^me International (international system of units) SIMM Single Inline Memory Module SIO Serial Input and Output SIPO Serial In Parallel Out SLC Sigle Layer Ceramic (capacitor) SM Surface Mount SMD Surface Mount Device SNR Signal to Noise Ratio SO Serial Output |Small Outline|Significant Other(aka mate) SOIC Small Outline Integrated Circuit SOJ Small Outline J-leaded (chip package) SOLV SOLenoid Valve SONAR SOund NAvigation and Ranging SOP Small Outline Package SP Signal Processor | Stack Pointer SPDT Single Pole Double Throw (switch) SPI Serial to Parallel Interface SPICE Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis SPL Sound Pressure Level SPST Single Pole Single Throw (switch) SQL Structured Query Language (for databases) SR Shift Register SRAM Static Random Access Memory SSB Single SideBand SSI Small Scale Integration SSR Solid State Relay SSTV Slow Scan TeleVision SW Short Wave T/H Track and Hold TC Temperature Coefficient TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TD Tunnel Diode TDD Telecomunication Devices for the Deaf TEM Transverse Electromagnetic (wave) TF Transfer Function TFD Thin Film Detector TFEL Thin Film ElectroLuminescent TFT Thin Film Transistor THD Total Harmonic Distortion THz TetraHertz TIG Tungsten Inert Gas TM Transverse Magnetic (wave) TR Transient Response TS Time Sharing TTL Transistor Transistor Logic TV TeleVision TWT Traveling Wave Tube UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter uF micro Farad (measure of capacitance) UHF Ultra High Frequency UHV Ultra High Vacuum UJT UniJunction Transistor UL Underwriters Laboratories ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration UPC Universal Product Code UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply USART Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UTC Universal Time Code UV UltraViolet UVA UltraViolet Alpha UVB UltraViolet Beta VA Volt Ampere VAC Volts Alternating Current VAR VARiable VCC Supply Voltage - positive VCD Variable Capacitance Diode VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator VCR Video Cassette Recorder VDC Volts Direct Current VDD Supply Voltage - negative VF Vacuum Fluorecent VFC Voltage to Frequency Converter VFO Variable Frequency Oscillator (vs a crystal oscillator) VHF Very High Frequency VLF Very Low Frequency VLSI Very Large Scale Integration VLT Video Look up Table VOL VOLume VOM Volt OhmMeter VOX Voice Operated transmit ("trans" = X as in "Xmitter") VR Voltage Regulator VRAM Video Random Access Memory (aka Very fast RAM) VS Vertical Sync VSS Supply Voltage - Negative VT Virtual Terminal VTM Voltage Tunable Magnetron VTVM Vacuum Tube Volt Meter VXO Variable crystal Oscilator WACK Wait before ACKowledge WDT Watch Dog Timer WHR Watt HouR WP Word Processor WPM Words Per Minute WR WRite (logic signal) WV Working Voltage WW Wire Wound | Wire Wrap XMT TransMiT XTAL crysTAL YAG Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (laser) YIG Yttrium Iron Garnet ZD Zero Defects ZIF Zero Insertion Force ZIP Zigzag Inline Package | Compression scheme "AAFE - Aeroassist Flight Experiment" "ABCL - As Built Configuration List" "ABHRS - As Built Hardware Reporting System" "AC - Alternating Current" "AC - Comptroller Office" "ACES - Acoustic Containerless Experiment System" "ACIP - Assembly Configuration and Integration Panel" "ACR - Active Cavity Radiometer" "ACRBC - Acceptance, Checkout, Retest, and Backout Criteria" "ACRC - Assured Crew Return Capability - Now ACRV" "ACRV - Assured Crew Return Vehicle" "ACTS - (TOS) Advanced Communications Technology Satellite" "AD - Aperture Door" "ADP - Acceptance Data Package" "ADP - Automated Data Processing" "ADPS - Acceptance Data Package System" "ADSF - Advanced Directional Solidification Furnace" "AEG - AEG Telefunken" "AEPI - Atmospheric Emissions Photo Imaging" "AES - Atmospheric Exchange System" "AESE - Airborne Electrical Support Equipment" "AFB - Air Force Base" "AFD - Aft Flight Deck" "AFE - American Flight Echocardiograph" "AFP - Air Force Program" "AFR - Air Force Regulation" "AFSCF - Air Force Satellite Control Facility" "AFTE - Autogenic Feedback Training Experiment" "AFTA - Aft Frame Tilt Actuator" "AGOSS - Automated Ground Operations Scheduling System" "AHU - Air Handling Unit" "AI - Artificial Intelligence" "AIT - Aeritalia" "A/L - Air Lock" "ALAE - Atmospheric Lyman Alpha Experiment" "ALC - Augmented Landing Site" "ALERT - Acute Launch Emergency Reliability Tip" "ALRUTS - Automated Line Replaceable Unit Tracking System" "ALS - Advanced Launch System" "AMF - Astronaut Memorial Foundation" "ANSI - American National Standard Institute" "AO - Assembly Order" "AOA - Abort Once Around" "APC - Adaptive Payload Carrier" "APCS - Automated Project Control System - ARTEMIS" "APS - Acquisition Processor Subsystem" "ARC - Ames Research Center" "ARC - Aggregation of Red Cells" "ARS - Archive and Retrieval Subsystem (PPCU)" "ARTEMIS - Project Management Software System - Metier Product" "ARTS - Automated Resource Tracking System - ARTEMIS" "ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange" "ASE - Airborne Support Equipment" "ASP - Attitude Sensor Package" "ASRS - Automated Support Requirements System" "ASSY - Assembly" "AST - Astro Star Tracker" "ASTG - Aerospace Test Group" "ATCS - Active Thermal Control System" "ATE - Automated Test Equipment" "ATLAS - Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science" "ATMOS - Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy" "ATP - Accelerated Training Program" "ATP - Acceptace Test Procedure" "AWAD - Assembly Work Authorization Document" "BAC - Boeing Aerospace Company" "BAO - Boeing Aerospace Operations" "BBR - Ball Brothers Research" "BBXRT - Broadband X-Ray Telescope" "BCDS - Broadband Cable Distribution Systems" "BDCF - Baseline Data Collection Facility" "BOC - Base Operations Contractor" "BR - Biorack" "BR-AERO - British Aerospace, Dynamics Group" "BRRS - Banana River Repeater Station" "BSI - Boeing Services Incorporated" "BSK - Biostack" "CAARS - Corrective Action Assistance Requests" "CABS - Computer Aided Budgeting System - ARTEMIS" "CAI - Computer Aided Instruction" "CAD - Computer Aided Drawing" "CAE - Computer Aided Engineering" "CAS - CITE Augmentation System" "CASE - Computer Aided Software Engineering" "CC - Chief Councel Office" "CCAFS - Cape Canaveral Air Force Station" "CCB - Change Control Board" "CCBD - Change Control Board Directive" "CCDS - Center for the Commercial Development of Space" "CCF - Converter Compressor Facility" "CCITT - Consultative Committee Internation Telegraph & Telephone" "CCN - Cost Charge Number (MDAC)" "CCMS - Checkout, Control Monitor Subsystem" "CCMSDB - Checkout, Control, and Monitor Subsystem Data Bank" "CCTV - Closed Circuit Television" "CD - Center Director" "CD - Compact Disk" "CDBFR - Common Data Buffer" "CDL - Common Downlink" "CDS - Central Data Subsystem" "CDSC - Communications Distribution and Switching Center" "CDSF - Commercially Developed Space Facility" "CDT - Central Daylight Time" "CDT - Countdown Time" "CDDT - Countdown Demonstration Test" "CDMS - Command and Data Management System" "CDR - Critical Design Review" "CE - Cargo Element" "CEI - Contract End Item" "CEIT - Crew Equipment Interface Test" "CELSS - Controlled Ecological Life Support System" "CERV - Crew Emergency Return Vehicle (Now ACRV)" "CFES - Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System" "CFM - Cubic Feet per Minute" "CFMF - Cryogenic Fluid Management Facility" "CG - Center of Gravity" "CHASE - Coronal Helium Abundance Spacelab Experiment" "CHROMEX - Chromosomes and Plant Cell Division Experiment" "CID - Computer Interface Device" "CIF - Central Instrumentation Facility" "CII - Compagnie Internationale Pour L'Informatique" "CIL - Critical Item List" "CIRRIS - Cryogenics IR Radiance Instrumentation/Shuttle(AFP-675)" "CIR - Cargo Integration Review" "CITE - Cargo Integration Test Equipment" "CIU - Communications Interface Unit" "CLAES - Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer" "CLS - Contingency Landing Site" "CLT - Cargo Lift Trailor" "cm - centimeter" "CM - Director of Payload Management and Operations" "CMD - Command" "CMD - Command Measurement Distributor" "CMDS - Control and Monitor Data System" "CMTS - Configuration Management Tracking System" "CNCR - Characterisation of Neurospora Circadian Rhythems" "CO2 - Carbon Dioxide" "C/O - Checkout" "COFR - Certificate of Flight Readiness" "CONUS - Continental Unites States Landing Sites" "COPA - CoOperative Agreements - ARTEMIS" "COS - Checkout Station" "CP - Director, Payload Projects Management" "CPD - Carrier Power Distributor" "CPF - Centaur Processing Facility" "CPR - Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation" "CPRM - Computer Program Request and/or Modification" "CPU - Central Processing Unit" "CR - Change Request" "CR - Carriage Return" "CRISTA - Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometer Telescope For Atmosphere" "CRRES - Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite" "CRT - Cathode Ray Tube" "CS - Director, STS Payload Operations" "CSA - Canadian Space Agency" "CSCP - Complex Self Contained Payloads" "CSD - Contract Start Date" "CSS - Conical Scan Sensor" "CSSCB - CS Software Control Board" "CST - Central Standard Time" "CSTS - Consolidated Space Test Center" "CTS - Clear To Send" "CV - Director, Expendable Vehicles" "CWA - Clean Work Area" "CWU - Crew Worn Unit" "CY - Calendar Year" "DA - Associate Deputy Director" "DAA - Designated Approving Authority" "DAM - Data Acquisition Module" "DAP - Data Acquisition Processor" "DAS - Data Acquisition Subsystem" "db - decibel" "DBMS - Data Base Management System" "DBS - Data Base Subsystem (DBS)" "dc - Direct Current" "DCM - Deceleration Module" "DCN - Directive Completion Notice" "DCN - Document Change Notice" "DCR - Design Certification Review" "DCREO - Drawing Change Request Engineering Order" "DDCU - Data Display Computer Unit" "DDD - Direct Distance Dialing" "DDE - Design & Development Engineering" "DDM - Drop Dynamics Module" "DDMS - DOD Manager for STS Contingency Support Office" "DDS - Data Display System" "DDSS - Data Display Subsystem" "DDT&E - Design, Development, Test and Engineering" "DDU - Data Display Unit" "DE - Director of Engineering Development" "DEC - Digital Equipment Corporation" "DECNET - Digital Equipment Co. Network Communications Protocol" "DEP - Dedicated Experiment Processor" "DF - Director, Facilities Engineering" "DFRF - Dryden Flight Research Facility - Edwards Air Force Base" "DIL - Deliverable Items List" "DIP - Data Integration Plan" "DIP - Designated Inspection Point" "DL - Director Electrical Engineering" "DM - Director Mechanical Engineering" "DMA - Direct Memory Access" "DMC - Depot Maintenance Contractor" "DMD - Dexterous Manipulator Demonstration" "DMICB - Daily Mission Integration Control Board (JSC)" "DMOS - Diffusive Mixing of Organic Solutions" "DOD - Department of Defense" "DOP - Detailed Operating Procedure (Boeing)" "DORN - Dornier" "DOT - Deployed Operations Team" "DOT - Department of Transportation" "DPA - Data Processing Assembly" "DR - Data Requirement" "DRA - Document Release Authority" "DRL - Data Requirements List" "DSM - Descent Module" "DTE - Data Terminal Equipment" "DTR - Data Terminal Ready" "DY - Deputy Director" "EAC - Experiment Apparatus Container" "EACE - Engineering Assessment and Cost Estimate" "EAFB - Edwards Air Force Base" "EAR - Engineering Action Request" "EASE - Experiment Assembly of Structures in EVA" "EBA - European Bridge Assembly" "EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code" "ECAS - Experiment Computer Applications Software" "ECEP - Experiment Checkout Equipment Processor" "ECIO - Experiment Computer Input/Output" "ECL - Engineering Configuration List" "ECLSS - Environmental Control and Life Support System" "ECO - Engineering Change Order" "ECOS - Experiement Computer Operating System" "ECP - Engineering Change Proposal" "ECR - Engineering Change Request" "ECS - Environmental Control System" "ED - Experiment Developer" "EDT - Eastern Daylight Time" "EDU - Engineering Development Unit" "EEP - Electronics Equipment Package" "EFE - Engineering Flight Experiments" "EGRET - Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope" "EGSE - Electrical Ground Support Equipment" "EI - Engineering Instruction" "EIA - Electroni Industries Association" "ELRAD - Earth Limb Radiance Experiment" "ELS - Eastern Launch Site" "ELV - Expendable Launch Vehicle" "EMAIL - Electronic Mail" "EMI - Electromagnetic Interference" "EML - Electromagnetic Levitator" "EMP - Enhanced MDM Pallet" "EMPRESS - Expert Mission Planning and Replanning Scheduling System" "EMS - Environmental Monitoring System" "EO - Engineering Order" "EO - Equal Opportunity Program Office" "EOM - Earth Observation Mission" "EOM - End of Mission" "EOIM - Evaluation of Oxygen Interaction With Materials" "EPBD - Electric Power Branching Distribution" "EPDB - Electric Power Distribution Box" "EPS - Electrical Power System" "EPSP - Experiment Power Switching Panel" "ERC - Engineering Repair Center" "ERNO - Entwicklungsring Nord Raumfahrttechnik GMBH/VFW Fokker" "ESA - European Space Agency" "ESA - Explosive Safe Area (ESA -60)" "ESMC - Eastern Space and Missile Center" "ESR - Engineering Support Request" "ESS - Experiment Support Section" "EST - Eastern Standard Time" "ESTEC - European Space Technology Centre" "ET - External Tank" "ETR - Eastern Test Range" "EURECA - European Retrievable Carrier" "EUVE - Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer" "EX - Executive Management Office" "FAUST - Far Ultraviolet Astronomy Using the Faust Telescope" "FCA - Frequency Control Analysis" "FCC - Federal Communication Commission" "FCE - Facility Collateral Equipment" "FD - Function Designator" "FDE - Fluid Dynamics Experiments" "FEA - Fluids Experiment Apparatus" "FEC - Field Engineering Change" "FEDP - Facility and Equipment Design Plan" "FEP - Fron End Processor" "FERD - Facility and Equipment Requirements Document" "FES - Fluids Experiment System" "F&GS - Fluids & Gases System" "FHST - Fixed Head Star Tracker" "FILE - Feature Identification and Location Experiment" "FLIPSWOG - Flight Production Schedule Working Group" "FLT - Flight" "FLT OPPTY - Flight Opportunity" "FM - Frequency Modulation" "FMEA - Failure Mode and Effects Analysis" "FOC - Faint Object Camera" "FOP - Follow-On Procurement" "FOR - Flight Operations Review" "FPE - French Pulmonary Experiment" "FRD - Flight Requirements Document" "FRF - Flight Readiness Firing" "FRR - Flight Readiness Review" "FSE - Flight Support Equipment" "FSR - Flight Software Requirement" "FSS - Flight Support System" "FSS - Fixed Service Structure" "FTP - File Transfer Protocol" "FTS - Federal Telecommunications System" "FWAD - Fabrication Work Authorization Document" "FWD - Forward" "FY - Fiscal Year" "GAMS - Gas Analyzer Mass Spectrometer" "GAO - General Accounting Office" "GAS - Getaway Special" "GCCE - Ground Control Checkout Equipment" "GCOS - General Comprehensive Operating System" "GCS - Generic Checkout System" "GDC - General Dynamics Corporation" "GEM - General Electronic Module" "GEMS - Generalized Equipment Monitor System" "GEOSTAR - Interactive Radiodetermination Satellite" "GERB - Ground Equipment Review Board" "GFE - Government Furnished Equipment" "GFI - Government Furnished Instruments" "GFFC - Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell" "GHe - Gaseous Helium" "GIDEP - Government-Industry Data Exchange Program" "GIRD - Ground Integration Requirements Document" "GLL - Galileo" "GMIL - Goddard Merritt Island Launch Area (USB Station)" "GMT - Greenwich Mean Time" "GN2 - Gaseous Nitrogen" "GN&C - Guidance, Navigation and Control" "GO2 - Gaseous Oxygen" "GOA - Ground Operations Analysis" "GOAL - Ground Operations Aerospace Language" "GOES - Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite" "GOM - Ground Operations Manager" "GOP - Ground Operations Panel" "GOR - Ground Operations Review" "GOWG - Ground Operations Working Group" "GP - Gyro Package" "GPC - General Purpose Computer" "GPCR - Ground Power Control Rack" "GPS - Global Positioning System" "GPWS - General Purpose Work Station" "GRILLE - Grille Spectrometer" "GRO - Gamma Ray Observatory" "GRS - Gas Release System" "GSA - General Services Administration" "GSE - Ground Support Equipment" "GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center" "GSOC - German Space Operations Center" "GSRD - Ground Support Requirements Document" "H2 - Hydrogen" "H2O - Water" "HACTS - Hardware Accountability and Configuration Tracking System" "HCD - HIM Control Document" "HDLC - High-level Data Link Control" "He - Helium" "Hg - Mercury" "HIM - Hardware Interface Module" "HITS - HRM Input/Output Test Set" "HH-G1 Hitchhiker - GSFC" "HH-H1 - Hitchhiker - Marshall" "HMS - Hydrocarbon Monitoring System (VPF)" "HOL - High Order Language" "HOSC - Huntsville Operations Support Center" "HP - Hewlett-Packard Corporation" "HPF - Hazardous Processing Facility" "HPICS - Heat Pipe Instrumentation and Control System" "HPRS - Heat Pipe Radiator System" "HRD - High Rate Data" "HRDE - High Rate Data Equipment" "HRDM - High Rate Demultiplexer" "HRDS - High Rate Data Station" "HRM - High Rate Multiplexer" "HRMTS - High Rate Multiplexer Test Set" "HSCT - Hardware Software Compatability Test" "HST - Hubble Space Telescope" "HUT - Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope" "HVAC - Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning" "HVC - High Voltage Converter" "Hz - Hertz (Cycles per Second)" "IBM - International Business Machines" "IBSE - Initial Blood Storage Experiment" "IBSS - Infrared Background Signature Survey" "I&C - Instrumentation and Communication" "ICAPC - Increased Capability Adaptive Payload Carrier" "ICBS - IMAX Cargo Bay Camera" "ICD - Interface Control Document" "ICR - Instruction Change Request" "I&CS - Instrumentation & Communication System" "IDMM - Intermediate and Depot Maintenance Manual" "IDOP - Integrated Detailed Operating Procedure" "IDS - Integrated Data System" "IECM - Induced Environment Contamination Monitor" "IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers" "IEF - Isoelectric Focusing Experiment" "I/F - Interface" "IFE - Isoelectronic Focusing Experiment" "IGSE - Instrument GSE" "IIA - Instrument Interface Agreement" "ILMF - Intermediate Level Maintenance Facility" "ILS - Integrated Logistics Support" "IMAX - IMAX Systems Corp. Motion Pictures" "IML - International Microgravity Laboratory" "IMU - Inertial Measurement Unit" "INC - Installation Notice Card (MSFC)" "INC - Implementation Notification Certificate (KSC)" "INMARSAT - International Maritime Satellite Organization" "I/O - Input/Output" "IOU - Input/Output Unit" "IP - Internet Protocol" "IPDS - Independant Payload Data Stream" "IPL - Integrated Payload" "IPR - Interim Problem Report" "IPS - Instrument Pointing System" "I. & R. - Installation and Removal" "IR - Infrared" "IRCFE - Infrared Communication Flight Experiment" "IRN - Interface Revision Notice" "IRIS - Italian Research Interim Stage" "IRS - Integrated Radiator System" "IRT - Integrated Rendezvous Target" "IRT - Infrared Telescope" "ISC - Intermodal Shipping Container" "ISF - Industrial Space Facility" "ISO - Imaging Spectrometeric Observatory" "ISO - International Standards Organization" "ISO/OSI - International Stds Organization/Open Syst Interconnect" "ITSP - Information Technology Systems Plan" "IUS - Intertial Upper Stage" "IVT - Interface Verification Test" "IWG - Investigators Working Group" "JEM - Japanese Experiment Module" "JSA - Joggle Support Assembly" "JSC - Johnson Space Center" "JPL - Jet Propulsion Laboratory" "KATS - Kennedy Avionics Test Set" "kbps - kilobits per second" "kg - kilogram" "KHB - Kennedy Handbook" "KHz - Kilohertz" "KIMS - Kennedy Inventory Management System" "KIMS - Kennedy Information Management System" "KIRMA - Kennedy Information Resources Management For ADPE" "KLSS - Keel Latch Support Structure" "km - kilometer" "KMI - Kennedy Management Instruction" "KOA - Kennedy Office Automation" "KPRR - Kennedy Processing Readiness Review" "KSC - John F. Kennedy Space Center" "KSCAP - KSC Area Permit" "KSDN - Kennedy Switched Data Network" "K-SM - Kennedy Shuttle Projects Management document" "KVA - Kilo Volt Ampere" "LAGEOS - Laser Geodynamics Satellite" "LAIR - Late Access Igloo Repair" "LAN - Local Area Network" "LAP - Liquid Air Pack" "LaRC - Samuel P. Langley Research Center" "LATS - LDEF Assembly and Transportation System" "lb - Pound" "lb/in2 - Pounds Per Square Inch" "LC - Launch Complex" "LC39 - Launch Complex 39" "LCC - Launch Control Center" "LCC - Launch Commit Criteria" "LCET - Launch Checkout Equipment Trailer" "LDB - Launch Data Bus" "LDEF - Long Duration Exposure Facility" "LeRC - Lewis Research Center" "LETF - Launch Equipment Test Facility" "LFC - Large Format Camera" "LH2 - Liquid Hydrogen" "LHe - Liquid Helium" "LIMS - Logistics Inventory Management System" "LIS - Load Isolations System" "LIS - Logistics Information System" "LITE - LIDAR in space technology experiment" "L&L - Launch and Landing" "LLI - Limited Life Item" "LMSC - Lockheed Missile Space Corporation" "LN2 - Liquid Nitrogen" "LO2 - Liquid Oxygen" "LOLI - Limited Operating Life Item" "LOS - Loss of Signal" "LOX - Liquid Oxygen" "LPAC - Low Pressure Air Conditioning" "LPS - Launch Processing System" "LRR - Launch Readiness Review" "LRU - Line Replaceable Unit" "LS - Light Shield" "LSA - Logistics Support Analysis" "LSAR - Logistics Support Analysis Record" "LSLI - Limited Shelf-Life Item" "LSOC - Lockheed Space Operations Company" "LSSF - Life Science Support Facility" "LSSM - Launch Site Support Manager" "LSSP - Launch Site Support Plan" "LSST - Launch Site Support Team" "LSTB - Life Science Test Bed" "MACI - Memory Accessed Controlled Interface" "MAWP - Maximum Allowable Working Pressure" "Mb - Megabit" "MB - Megabyte" "MBB - Messerschmitt Bolkow Blohm" "Mbs - Megabit(s) Per Second" "MCCH - Mission Control Center, Houston" "MCDS - Multifunction CRT Display System" "MD - Biomedical Operations and Research Office" "MDAC - McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Corporation (Now MDSS)" "MDD - Mate Demate Device" "MDE - Mission Dependent Equipment" "MDM - Multiplexer/Demultiplexer" "MDP - Material Detail Processes" "MDSSC - McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company (Now MDSS)" "MDTSCO - McDonnell Douglas Technical Services Co. (Now MDSS)" "MES - Mated Events Simulator" "MET - Mission Elapsed Time" "MFA - Multiflow Assessment - ARTEMIS" "MGSE - Mechanical Ground Support Equipment" "MHz - Megahertz" "MICG - Mercury Iodide Crystal Growth" "MILA - Merritt Island Launch Area" "MIP - Mandatory Inspection Point" "MIP - Mission Integration Plan" "MIS - Management Information System" "MLA - Multi-Linear Array" "MLE - Mesoscale Lightning Experiment" "MLI - Multi Layer Insulation" "MLP - Mobile Launch Platform" "MLR - Monodisperse Latex Reactor" "MMAG - Martin Marietta Aerospace Group" "MMC - Martin Marietta Corporation" "MMH - Monomethly Hydrozene" "MMPSE - Multiuse Mission Payload Support Equipment" "MMSE - Multi Mission Support Equipment" "MMU - Mass Memory Unit" "MOBSS - Modular Optical Bench Support Structure" "MO - Mars Observer" "MOD - Modification" "MODEM - Modulator/Demodulator" "MOP - Maximum Operating Pressure" "MORELOS - Mexican Satellite" "MOU - Memorandum of Understanding" "MPE - Mission Peculiar Equipment" "MPE - Mission Project Engineer (Replace With PIE)" "MPEC - Multipurpose Experiment Canister" "MPESS - Mission-Peculiar Experiment Support Structure" "MPP - Mission Processing Plan" "MPSS - Modular Payload Support Structure" "MPT - Mission Processing Team" "M&R - Maintenance and Refurbishment" "MRB - Material Review Board" "MRC - Material Review Center" "MRS - Major Radiation Source" "MRSE - Microwave Remote Sensing Experiment" "MSA - Mission Safety Assessment" "MSAR - Mission Safety Assessment Report" "MSBLS - Microwave Scanning Beam Landing System" "MSC - Military Sealift Command" "MS DOS - Microsoft Disk Operating System" "MSDR - Material Science Double Rack" "MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet" "MSFC - Marshall Space Flight Center" "MSL - Material Science Laboratory" "MST - Mission Sequence Test" "MTBF - Mean Time Between Failures" "MTTR - Mean Time to Repair" "MTM - Magnetic Tape Memory" "MUC - Multi-Use Container" "MUD - Mission Unique Drawing" "MUSS - Module Utility Support Structure" "mV - millivolt" "MVAK - Module Vertical Access Kit" "mW - milliwatt" "MWPE - Mental Workload and Performance Experiment" "N2 - Nitrogen" "N2O4 - Nitrogen Tetroxide" "N/A - Not Applicable" "NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration" "NASCOM - NASA Communications (network)" "NASDAC - Japanese National Space Defence Agency" "NASP - National Aerospace Plane" "NBI - Nothing Better Invented, Nothing But Initials WP System for TAPS" "NCRI - No Critical Requirements Identified" "NDE - Non-Destructive Evaluation" "Ne - Neon" "NETS - NASA Engineering Tracking System" "NEWMAST - NASA Educational Workshop for Math and Science" "NFH - Nonflight Hardware" "NHB - NASA Handbook" "NIB - Non-interference Basis" "NIOSH - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health" "NIU - Network Interface Unit" "NLTSI - Non-Load Test Structural Item" "NMI - NASA Management Instruction" "NO - Nitric Oxide" "NOAA - National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Admin." "NPE - NASA Payloads Ethernet" "NRL - Naval Research Lab" "NSA - Naval Support Activity" "NSI - NASA Standard Initiators" "NSN - National Stock Number" "NSRS - NASA Safety Reporting System" "NSTS - National Space Transportation System" "NTD - NASA Test Director" "NVR - Non-Volatie Residue" "NWG - Natural Working Group" "O2 - Oxygen" "OA - Office Automation" "OAS - Office Automation System" "OASIS - Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific Information System" "OASIS - Orbiter Experiments Autonomous Supporting Instrumentation System" "OAST - Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology" "O&C - Operations and Checkout (M7-355)" "O&M - Operations and Maintenance" "OBC - On Board Computer" "OCGP - Organic Crystal Growth With G-Jitter Preventative Measurement" "OD - Operational Directive" "ODA - Orbiter Disconnect Assembly" "ODMS - Oxygen Deficiency Monitoring System" "OEPS - Operationally Efficient Propulsion System" "OEX - Orbiter Experiments" "OFS - Orbiter Flight Simulator" "OI - Orbiter Integration" "OIA - Office of International Affairs" "OIG - Office of Inspector General" "OIS - Operational Intercom System" "OISR - Open Item Status Report" "OJT - On The Job Training" "OMI - Operations and Maintenance Instruction" "OMP - Operations and Maintenance Plan" "OMRS - Operations and Maintenance Requirements Specifications" "OMRSD - Operational Maint. Requirements and Specification Doc." "OMV - Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle" "ORU - Orbital Replacement Unit" "ORUC - Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier" "OPD - Procurement Office Director" "OPE - Orbiter Protection Enclosure" "OPF - Orbiter Processing Facility" "ORFEUS - Orbiting & Retrievable Far & Extreme UV Spectrometer" "ORS - Orbital Refueling System" "ORT - Operational Readiness Test" "O/S - Operating System" "OSB - Operations Support Builiding" "OSCARS - Orbital Spacecraft Consumables Resupply System" "OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration" "OSI - Open System Interface" "OSP - Optical Sensor Package" "OSSE - Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment" "OSTA - Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications" "OSTC - Observatory System Test Complex" "OTS - OMI Tracking System" "OTV - Operational Television System" "OTV - Orbital Transfer Vehicle" "OV-102 - Columbia" "OV-103 - Discovery" "OV-104 - Atlantis" "OV-105 - Endeavour" "OWS - One WAD System" "PA - Public Affairs Office" "PA - Public Address" "PACAS - Personnel Access Control Accountability System" "PACS - Payload Access Control System" "PACS - Particle Analysis Cameras of Shuttle (USAF)" "PAFB - Patrick Air Force Base" "PAM - Payload Assist Module" "PAR - Payload Adaptor Ring" "PBX - Private Branch Exchange" "PC - Personal Computer" "PCASS - Program Compliance Assurance Status System" "PCB - Product Configuration Baseline" "PCCE - Particle Cloud Combustion Experiment" "PCG - Protein Crystal Growth" "PCM - Pulse-Code Modulation" "PCMMU - Pulse Code Modulation Master Unit" "PCN - Program Control Number" "PCP - Power Control Panel" "PCR - Payload Changeout Room" "PCU - Payload Checkout Unit" "PDA - Payload Disconnect Assembly" "PDAB - Personnel Development Advisory Board" "PDI - Payload Data Interleaver" "PDMS - Payload Data Management System" "PDR - Preliminary Design Review" "PDT - Pacific Daylight Time" "PE - Payload Element" "PED - Payload Experiment Developer" "PER - Preliminary Engineering Report" "PETS - Payload Environmental Transportation System" "PGHM - Payload Ground Handling Mechanism" "PGOC - Payload Ground Operations Contractor" "PGU - Plant Growth Unit" "PHE - Propellant Handlers Ensemble" "PHSF - Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility" "PHF - Payload Handling Fixture" "PI - Principal Investigator" "PI - Payload Interrogator" "PIC - Payload Integration Center" "PID - Payload Insertion Device" "PIE - Payload Integration Engineer" "PIP - Payload Integration Plan" "PIRN - Preliminary Interface Revision Notice" "PITS - Payload Integration Test Set" "PK - Prozebkammer" "PL - Payload" "PLB - Payload Bay" "PLBD - Payload Bay Doors" "PLECC - Payload Environmental Control Cover" "PLS - Primary Landing Site" "PM - Payload Manager (SS)" "PM - Personnel Office" "PM - Preventive Maintenance" "PM - Propulsiom Module (SS)" "PMDF - Payload Master Definition List" "PMG - Plasma Motor Generator" "PMI - Preventative Maintenance Instruction" "PMIC - Payload Mission Integration Contractor" "PMM - Payload Mission Manager" "PMP - Program Management Plan" "POCC - Payload Operations Control Center" "POPP - Payload Operation Processing Plan" "POT - Payload Operations Team" "POWS - Program Operating Work Statement" "PPCU - Partial Payload Checkout Unit" "PPE - Phase Partitioning Experiment" "PPF - Payload Processing Facility" "PPO - Payload Projects Office" "PPO2 - Partial Pressure/Oxygen" "PPR - Payload Program Review" "PR - Problem Report" "PRACA - Problem Reporting & Corrective Action" "PRC - Precision Research Corporation" "PRCB - Program Requirements Control Board" "PRD - Program Requirements Document" "PRLA - Payload Retention Latch Assembly" "PROM - Programmable Read-Only Memory" "PRP - Personnel Reliability Program" "PRR - Payload Readiness Review" "PRR - Program Requirements Review" "PS - Protective Services Office" "PSB - Payload Support Building (M7-505)" "PSC - Payload Shipping Container" "PSCN - NASA Program Support Communications Network" "PSI - Pounds Per Square Inch" "PSIG - Pounds Per Square Inch Gage" "PSP - Payload Support Plan" "PSPOS - Payload Signal Processor Output Simulator" "PSSA - Payload Support Structure Assembly" "PST - Pacific Standard Time" "PSTF - Payload Spin Test Facility" "PT - Technology and Advanced Projects Office" "PTA - Propulsion Test Article" "PTCR - Pad Terminal Connection Room" "Pth - Threshold pressure" "PUR - Payload Under Review" "PVT - Preflight Verification Test" "PVTOS - Physical Vapor Transport of Organic Solids" "QA - Quality Assurance" "QPRD - Quality Program Requirements Document" "RADL - Robotics Application Development Laboratory" "RAHF - Research Animal Holding Facility" "RAM - Random Access Memory" "RAM - Requirements Allocation Matrix" "RAU - Remote Acquisition Unit" "RCN - Requirements Change Notice" "REV - Revision" "RF - Radio Frequency" "RFI - Radio Frequency Interference" "RFP - Request For Proposal" "RGB - Red, Green, Blue (color monitor standard)" "RHU - Radio-Isotope Heater Unit" "RID - Review Item Disposition" "RIM - Remote Interface Module" "R/IM - Refrigerator/Incubator Module" "RIMU - Redundant Inertial Measurement Unit" "RISC - Reduced Information Set Computers" "RMA - Remote Manipulator Arm" "RMCD - Radiation Monitoring Container/Dosimeter" "RMRS - Repeatable Maintenance Recall System" "RMS - Remote Manipulator System" "RO - Director, Quality Assurance" "ROEU - Remotely Operated Electrical Umbilical" "ROM - Read-Only Memory" "RPA - Record Playback Assembly" "RPS - Record and Playback System" "RQ - Director of Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance" "R&QA - Reliability and Quality Assurance" "RRT - Rapid Response Team" "RSS - Rotating Service Structure" "RT - Director, Safety and Reliability" "RTDS - Real-Time Data System" "RTF - Return to Flight" "RTG - Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator" "RTGF - Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Facility" "RTLS - Return To Launch Site" "RTP - Retransmission Processor" "RTS - Request To Send" "RUSU - Remote Umbilical Support Unit" "S&A - Safe and Arm" "SAA - System Assurance Analysis" "SAAM - Special Assignment Airlift Mission" "SAC - Solid Argon Cooling" "SAEF - Spacecraft Assembly and Encapsulation Facility (M7-1210)" "SAN - Spacelab Anomaly Notice" "SAIL - Shuttle Avionics Integration Lab" "SAMS - Space Acceleration Measurement System" "SAR - Spacelab Anomoly Report" "SATCOM - RCA American Communications" "SBIR - Small Business Innovation Research" "S/C - Spacecraft" "SCA - Shuttle Carrier Aircraft" "SCAPE - Self Contained Atmospheric Pressure Ensemble" "SCB - Software Control Board" "SCF - Satellite Control Facility" "SCFM - Standard Cubic Feet per Minute" "SCH - Schematic" "SCR - Space Constructible Radiator" "SCSI - Small Computer Systems Interface" "SCTS - Space Cargo Transportation System" "SCU - Servo Control Unit" "SDF - Software Development Facility" "SDIO - Space Defense Initiative Organization" "SDP - Standard Data Processor" "SDS - Shuttle Data Systems" "SDT - Shuttle Data Tape" "SE - Shuttle Engineering" "SEB - Source Evaluation Board" "SEECM - Shuttle Environmental Effect on Coated Mirror Instrument" "SEM&I - Support Equipment Management and Integration" "SEPAC - Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators" "SER - Systems Engineering Review" "SETS - Shuttle Electrodynamics Tether System" "SF - Safety" "SF - Standard Form" "SFFP - Summer Faculty Fellowship Program" "SFHT - Super Fluid Helium Tanker" "SFMDM - Smart Flex Multiplexer De-Multiplexer" "SFU - Space Flyer Unit" "SHARE - Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element" "SHEAL - Shuttle High-Energy Astrophysics Laboratory" "SHOOT - Superfluid Helium In-Orbit Transfer Experiment" "SI - Director of Center Support Operations" "SI - Scientific Instrument" "SIC&DH - Scientific Instruments Control & Data Handling" "SID - Standard Interface Document" "SIP - Standard Interface Panel" "SIPE - Scientific Instrument Protective Enclosure" "SIR - Shuttle Imaging Radar" "SIRTF - Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility" "SL - Spacelab" "SLAR - Spacelab Action Request" "SLIC - Spacelab Integration Contractor" "SLF - Shuttle Landing Facility" "SLS - Spacelab Life Sciences" "SM - Shuttle Management" "SMAB - Solid Motor Assembly Builiding" "S/M - Structural Mechanical" "SMCH - Standard Mixed Cargo Harness" "SMIDEX - Spacelab Experiment Middeck" "SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol" "SNM - Special Nuclear Material" "SOMI - Software Operations and Maintenance Instructions" "SOP - Standard Operating Procedure" "SPA - Shared Peripheral Area" "SPACEHAB - Commercial - Experiments conducted in a man tended environment" "SPAH - Spacelab Payload Accommodation Handbook" "SPAS - Shuttle Pallet Satellite" "SPC - Shuttle Processing Contractor" "SPCDS - Spacelab Payload Command And Data System" "SPDB - Spacelab Power Distribution Box" "SPDMS - Shuttle Processing Data Management System" "SPE - Space Physiology Experiments" "SPF - Software Production Facility" "SPIF - Shuttle Payload Integration Facility" "SPLF - Single-Point Lifting Fixture" "SPMDM - Shuttle Pallet System" "SPOC - Shuttle Payloads Operations Contractor" "SPOCC - Secondary Payload Operations Control Center" "SPR - Software Problem Report" "SPRD - Single Pallet Rotation Device" "SPREE - Shuttle Potential And Return Electrical Equipment" "SPSC - Shuttle Payload Support Computer" "SPTN - Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool For Astronomy" "SQL - Structured Query Language" "SR&QA - Safety Reliability and Quality Assurance" "SRB - Software Review Board" "SRB - Solid Rocket Booster" "SRD - Site Requirements Document" "SRL - Software Release Letter" "SRL - Space Radar Laboratory" "SRM - Solid Rocket Motor" "SRN - Software Release Notice" "SRP - Standard Repair Procedure" "SRSS - Shuttle Range Safety System" "SRU - Shop replaceable Unit" "SS - Space Station Project Office" "SSBUV - Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Experiment" "SSCB - Space Station Control Board" "SSDS - Space Station Data System" "SSE - Software Support Environment" "SSFP - Space Station Freedom Program" "SSHPF - Space Station Hazardous Processing Facility" "SSIP - Shuttle Student Involvement Program" "SSIS - Space Station Information System" "SSISD - Space Station Integrated Scheduling Database - ARETMIS" "SSME - Space Shuttle Main Engine" "SSOC - Space Station Operations Center" "SSOL - Space Station Operations Language" "SSP - Standard Switch Panel" "SSP - Space Station Program" "SSPE - Space Station Program Element" "SSPF - Space Station Processing Facility" "STDN - Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network" "STEP - Space Technology Experiment Platform" "STG - Status Tag Green" "STMS - Security Tracking & Monitoring System" "STP - Space Test Payload" "STR - Status Tag Red" "STS - Space Transportation System" "SUNLAB - SUN Laboratory" "SURS - Standard Umbilical Retract System" "SUSIM - Solar UV Spectral Irradiance Monitor" "SYNCOM - Synchronous Communications Satellite" "T-0 - Liftoff" "TAA - Temporary Area Authorization" "TAG - Technical Advisory Group" "TAL - Transoceanic Abort Landing" "TAP - Test and Assembly Procedure" "TBD - To Be Determined" "TBE - Teledyne Brown Engineering" "TCDT - Terminal Countdown Demonstration Test" "TCID - Test Configuration Identifier Document" "TCMS - Test Control and Monitoring System" "TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol" "TCRMSF - Transporter Canister Repair Maint. Service Facil. (M7-776)" "TCTI - Time Compliance Technical Instruction" "TDC - Technical Data Center" "TDRS - Tracking and Data Relay Satellite" "TE - Director, Ground Engineering" "TGSS - Thermal Gradient Sensing System" "TICS - Telemetry, Instrumentation and Computational Services" "TIM - Technical Interchange Meeting" "TISP - Teacher in Space Project" "TLC - Technical Learning Center" "TL - Director, Shuttle Logistics Project Management" "TLM - Telemetry" "TM - Director of STS Management and Operations" "TMIS - Technical Management Information System" "TOP - Technical Operating Procedure" "TOS - Transfer Orbit Stage" "TP - Director, Shuttle Operations" "TPS - Test Preparation Sheet" "TPS - Transaction Processing System" "TRA - Training Requirements Analysis" "TSS - Tethered Satellite System" "TT&C - Telemetry Tracking and Command" "TTSS - Training Tracking & Scheduling System" "TU - Technology Utilization" "TV - Director, Vehicle Engineering" "TVP - Technician Verification Point" "TWX - Teletype Wire Transmission" "UA - Unescorted Access" "UAPRP - UA and Personal Reliability Program" "UARS - Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite" "UDF - Unit Development Folder" "UDMH - Unsymmetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine" "UDS - Universal Documentation System" "UIT - Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope" "ULYSSES - Formerly International Solar Polar Mission" "UPS - Uninterruptible Power System" "USAF - United States Air Force" "USE - User Support Equipment" "USML - United States Microgravity Laboratory" "USMP - United States Microgravity Payload" "UV - Ultraviolet" "VAB - Vehicle Assembly Building" "VACS - Video Access Control System" "VAFB - Vandenberg Air Force Base" "VAS - Vertical Access Simulator (Altitude Chamber L)" "VAX - Virtual Extended Address" "VCGS - Vapor Crystal Growth System" "VCRS - Spacelab Video Cassette Recording System" "VDA - Vapor Diffusion Apparatus" "VDU - Visual Display Unit" "VIB - Vertical Integration Building" "VITR - Video Instrumentation Tape Recorder" "VITT - Vehicle Integration Test Team" "VLS - Vandenberg Launch Site" "VPF - Vertical Processing Facility (M7-1469)" "VPHD - Vertical Payload Handling Device" "VTE - Veriable Thrust Engine" "VWFC - Very Wide Field Camera" "w - Watt" "w/ - With" "WAD - Work Authorization Document" "WAMD - Wide Angle Michelson Doppler Imaging Interferometer" "WAP - Work Authorization Package" "WATS - Wide Area Telephone Service" "WBS - Work Breakdown Structure" "WCCU - Wireless Crew Communications Unit" "WISP - Waves In Space Plasmas" "w/o - Without" "WRO - Work Release Order" "WSSH - White Sands Space Harbor" "WUPPE - Wisconsin Ultraviolet Photo Polarimeter Experiment" "X.25 - A Communications Protocol" "Xe - Xenon" "DCR - Document Change Request" "ASA - Assured Shuttle Availability" "ASR - Advanced Solid Rocket Motor" "EOS - Earth Observing System" "HLLV - Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle" "PLS - Personnel Launch System" "RSRM - Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor" "SEI - Space Exploration Initiative" "TQM - Total Quality Management" "CBM - Common Berthing Mechanism" "PIT - Pre-Integrated Truss" "ULC - Unpressurized Logistic Carrier" "LSGMS - Launch Site GSE Management System" "PBM - Pressurized Berthing Module (SS)" "LPIS - Launch Package Integration Stand (SS)" "ROAP - Retractable Overhead Access Platform (SS)" "TPITS - Two-Phase Integrate Thermal System (SS)" "OFTP - Orbiter Flight Test Panel" "STT - Spacelab Transfer Tunnel" "PGSC - Payload General Support Computer" "KPA - Kennedy Processing Assessment" "BMMD - Body Mass Measurement Device" "CGF - Crystal Growth Furnace" "CPF - Critical Point Facility" "MVI - Microgravity Vestibular Investigation" "DCORE - Deployer Core Equipment" "DPM - Drop Physics Module" "LBNP - Lower Body Negative Pressure" "EDOMP - Extended Duration Orbital Medical Plan" "FEU - Functional Experiment Unit" "FFEU - Free Flow Electrophoresis Unit" "AAEU - Aquatic Animal Experiment Unit" "RMRD - Real-Time Monitoring Radiation Device" "TEI - Thermal Electric Incubator" "VIBES - Vibration Isolation Box Equipment System" "FTS - Flight Telerobotic Servicer" "DTF - Demonstration Test Flight" "GBA - Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus" "GBX - Glovebox" "GPPF - Gravitational Plant Physiology Facility" "HOLOP - Holographic Optical Laboratory" "IDGE - Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment" "LIF - Large Isothermal Furnace" "LPE - Lambda Point Experiment" "MAPS - Measurement of Atmospheric Pollutions from Satellites" "MAS - Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder" "MATSCI - Material Science" "MEHPISTO - Mat Pour L'etude Des Phenomes Interes La Solific Sur Terre Et En Orbi" "MEDEA - Material Science Facility" "NIZEMI - Slow Rotating Centrifuge with Microscope" "QSAM - Quasi-Steady Acceleration Measurement" "RAMSES - Applied Research on Separataion Methods Using Space Electrophoresis" "REF - Refrigerator" "FRZ - Freezer" "ROTEX - Robotics Experiment" "SMMI - Smal Mass Measurement Instrument" "SOLCON - Solar Constant" "SOLSPEC - Solar Spectrum" "SSCE - Solid Surface Combustion Experiment" "STDCE - Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment" "TEMP - Two Phase Mounting Plate Experiment" "TEMPUS - Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility" "WSF - Wake Shield Facility" "X-SAR - Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment" "RM - Director Mission Assurance" "DCAA - Defense Contract Audit Agency" "GTS - Grumman Tehnical Services" "FIT - Florida Institute of Technology (Florida Tech)" "UCF - University of Central Florida" "BCC - Brevard Community College" "UF - University of Florida (Gainesville)" "FSU - Florida State University (Tallahassee)" "KARS - Kennedy Athletic, Recreation and Social Organization" "AFGE - American Federation of Government Employees" "ASEM - Assembly of Station by Extravehicular activity Methods" "BDPU - Bubble, Drop and Particle Unit" "BIO-LAB - Biology Laboratory" "WIT - Work Implementation Tracking" "MMAP - Mission Manifest And Planning" "PROC - Procurement" "IDMS - Integrated Data Management System" "TD - Technical Documentation Subsystem of PDMS-II" "RD - Relational Database Subsystem of PDMS-II" "PM - Project Management Subsystem of PDMS-II" "PP - Page Printer Subsystem of PDMS-II" "EDCS - Electronic Document Control System" "HRFM - High Rate Frame Multiplexer (SS)" "FEU - Flight Equipment Unit (SS)" "C&T - Communications and Tracking (SS)" "SERR - Space Station Support Equipment Requirements Review" "ERPCL - Extended Range Payload Communications Link" "FDA - Fault Detection and Annunciation" "CAT - CI Action Team (TQM)" "CI - Continuous Improvement (TQM)" "OFI - Opportunity For Improvement (TQM)" "PM - Project Measurement (TQM)" "SFO - Search For Opportunities (TQM)" "REM - Rocket Engine Module" "MOPO - Mission Operations Program Office" "SAAMD - Stand Alone Acceleration Measurement Device" "EMCC - Emergency Mission Control Center" "SSCAMPI - Space Station Critical Activities Management & Planning Integration" "SDMP -Software Development and Maintenance Plan" "OBCO - On-Board Checkout" "OIA - Orbiter Interface Adapter" "OCTF - One-Cycle-To-Flight" "PSP - Payload Signal Processor" "PTB - Payload Timing Buffer" "GUI - Graphical User Interface" "RIC - Rockewell International Corp." "PDT - Payload Data Tape" "ACS - Assembly Contingency Subsystem (SS)" "APCU - Assembly Power Converter Unit (SS)" "ARA - Attitude Reference Assembly (SS)" "AXCVR - Alpha Transceiver (SS)" "CETA - Crew and Equipment Transporter Assembly (SS)" "CHeCS - Crew Help Care Subsystem (SS)" "CMG - Control Moment Gyros (SS)" "DCSU - Digital Computer Switching Unit (SS)" "DDCU - DC-DC Converter Units (SS)" "FDDI - Fiber Distributed Data Interface" "ITA - Integrated Truss Assembly (SS)" "MBCU - Main Bus Control Unit (SS)" "MBSU - Main Bus Switching Unit (SS)" "MTC - Man Tended Capability (SS)" "PDA - Pressurized Docking Adapter (SS)" "PDM - Pressurized Docking Mast (SS)" "PIT - Pre-Integrated Truss (SS)" "PMC - Permanently Manned Tended Capability (SS)" "PVCU - Photovoltaic Control Unit (SS)" "RPCM - Remote Power Control Module (SS)" "RPDA - Remote Power Distribution Assembly (SS)" "SARJ - Starboard Alpha Rotary Joint (SS)" "SDP - Standard Data Processor (SS)" "SEPS - Secondary Electrical Power System (SS)" "SGS - Space-To-Ground Subsystem (SS)" "SPDA - Secondary Power Distribution Assemblies (SS)" "TGU - Time Generation Units (SS)" "TRC - SGS Transmitter/Receiver/Controller (SS)" "UBA - Unpressurized Berthing Adapter (SS)" "MB - Mission Build (SS)" "MPLM - Mini Pressurized Logistics Module (SS)" "MPAC - Multi Purpose Application Console" "SCR - Software Change Request" "SDS - Software Design Specification" "SIB - Simulation Interface Buffer" "SRD - Software Requirements Document" "TCS - Thermal Control System" "UAS - User Application Software" "PSTF-R - Payload Spin Test Facility Replacement" "RID - Rack Insertion Device" "UF - Utilization Flight (SS)" "1G - Gravity at sea level" "ABP - Air Bearing Pallet" "A/C - Air Conditioner" "ACM - Attitude Calibration Module (SS)" "BGA - Beta Gimbal Assembly (SS)" "C/O - Closeout" "DR - Discrepancy Report" "MFA - Manned Flight Awareness" "MRC - Material Review Crib" "NASDA - National Space Agency Of Japan" "PORR - Payload Operations Readiness Review" "BCDU - Battery Charge Discharge Unit (SS)" "BMR - Body Mounted Radiator (SS)" "CELA - Cargo Element Lifting Assembly (SS)" "CEMS - Cargo Element Mating Stand (SS)" "CEWS - Cargo Element Work Stand (SS)" "DMS - Data Management System (SS)" "DC - Direct Current" "EVA - Extravehicular Activity" "EMAD - Emergency Monitoring and Distribution (SS)" "FT - Feet" "FEU - Functionally Equivalent Unit (SS)" "HAZ - Hazardous" "IEA - Integrated Equipment Assembly (SS)" "ITCS - Internal Thermal Control System (SS)" "KW - Kilowatt" "KU - Frequency Sub-Band" "LP - Launch Package (SS)" "LAB-A - Laboratory Module A (SS)" "LNH3 - Liquid Ammonia" "LEE - Latching End Effector" "MBS - MRS Base System (SS)" "MRS - Manipulating Remote System (SS)" "MST - Modular Servicing Tool (SS)" "MOD - Module" "02 - Oxygen" "POA - Payload/ORU Accommodation (SS)" "PVM - Photo-Voltaic Module (SS)" "PV - Photo-Voltaic" "PI - Pre-Integration (SS)" "PDA - Pressurized Docking Adapter (SS)" "PMRS1 - PM1 Rotation Stand (SS)" "PMRS2 - PM2 Rotation Stand (SS)" "PDGR - Power and Data Grapple Fixture (SS)" "ROT - Rotation" "RBI - Remote Bus Isolator (SS)" "ST - Stand" "SQ - Square" "SSU - Sequential Shunt Unit (SS)" "S1-4 - Starboard 1 through 4 (SS)" "S-BAND - 1550-5200 MHz" "SPU - Secondary Power Unit (SS)" "SSRMS - Space Station Remote Manipulation System (SS)" "S/W - Shoulder/Wrist" "STD - Standard" "SIM - Simulator" "UDA - Unpressurized Docking Adapter (SS)" "UHF - Ultra High Frequency" "VDC - Volts Direct Current" "WP - Work Package (SS)" "WP-1 - Marshall Space Flight Center (SS)" "WP-2 - Johnson Space Center (SS)" "WP-3 - Goddard Space Center (SS)" "WP-4 - Lewis Research Center (SS)" "WP-5 - Kennedy Space Center (SS)" "WP-6 - Not Assigned (SS)" "WP-7 - Canadian Space Agency (SS)" "WP-8 - European Space Agency (SS)" "WP-9 - NASDA(Japan) (SS)" "W/S - Work Stand" "CFC - ChloroFluoroCarbon" "EEPROM - Electrical Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory" "PCB - Printed Circuit Board" "DAC - Data Acquisition and Control" "PDA - Personal Digital Assistant" "LOMC - Logistics Operations Management Center" "KICS - Kennedy Integrated Control Schedule" "SSV - Space Shuttle Vehicle" "CEEK - Cargo Element Extension Kit (SS)" "GPTU - Generic Propellant Transfer Unit" "PTD - Payload Test Director (NASA)" "PTC - Payload Test Conductor (Contractor)" "DPO - Director Payload Operations" "DGO - Director Ground Operations" "PD - NASA Payload Director" "PDCR - Payload Director's Countdown Review" "ORR - Orbiter Rollout Review" "TU - Transfer Unit" "ICT - Integrated Compatability Test" "PICS - Payload Integrated Control Schedule" "PRCB - Program Review Change Board" "P/OPP Payload of Opportunity" "VWAD - Verification WAD" "OR/F - Orbiter Refrigerator/Freezer" "SOR/F - Stirling Oriter Refrigerator/Freezer" "LSLE - Life Sciences Laboratory Equipment" "EOR/F - Enhanced Orbiter Refrigerator/Freezer" "BMMU - Body Mass Measurement Unit" "VOCC - Venous Occlusion Cuff and Controller" "SSE - Space Support Equipment" "WFPC - Wide Field Planetary Camera" A Academic Placenta The last of one's academic ideology that exists in your first years as a professional in the real world. Angry Garden Salad A poorly designed user interface where one action on it produces an odd graphical effect on other parts of the display without much understanding. Authortisement Presentation given or book published that is a subtle plug to hire the author as a consultant. This is often done with the "New Technology Seminars" around Silicon Valley. B B.A.D. (Broken As Designed) A product fails to perform as expected, because the company making it intentionally did it that way (either from misunderstanding, or on purpose) e.g. Windows 95's auto-redial being limited to 100 redials. Josh Lehan Banana Problem What you call something that you don't expect will take a lot of effort for less technically knowledgeable types (i.e. big dumb gorillas) to handle. Usually referred in increments of bananas such as "One Banana" for very easy and "Two Banana" for typically easy. Example: "What's taking them so long to do that upgrade? That's a two banana problem at most." Sharon Bond BCBS (Big Company, Big School) A project or relationship between a high profile company and school usually trying to suppress any small, independent development. The majority of the work produced is akin to the last two letters of the abbreviation. Example: "The result of the Boeing / MIT project was just a bunch of BCBS!" BDU (Brain Dead User) A user who didn't follow any documentation at all and is calling technical support. "Big Banging" Creating a single product which takes in features of two or more products. This is true especially in software. It is considered one of the most challenging efforts in engineering. Example: "After the buyout, we are now 'big banging' the two flagship products into a single release." Bit Busting Writing very low level, machine specific software. Most often in assembly language. "Bit Busting on bare metal" Very low level coding without the use of any operating system. You are actually writing the very first machine instructions executed on the CPU when power is applied. This is often done in embedded systems or BIOS development. Bit Bucket A fictional piece of equipment that holds all of the data sent to a machine that isn't connected and no error is generated. Example: Well those commands just went into the bit bucket since the modem wasn't turned on. Bloatware 1) Software that has had excessive features that a minority of users access. Usually happens on the third major release of the package. 2) A software package that comes with demos of other software packages making the installation process longer. Boat Anchor Computer so obsolete, It no longer Serves a purpose (i.e. Apple III's) Brendan Meteer Borgware Software which, once installed, requires the use of other products by the same company. It may shock some people to learn that Microsoft produces such software. For example: if you decide to write on-line apps using MS asp, you must then use an MS server (such as IIS) or your apps won't run. All will be assimilated. Mike Gallant Booboo Someone just out of college, especially an engineer, placing too much reckless artistic flair or academic emphasis in commercial development. This usually shows one does not have real world economic factors in mind. Example: "The engineering crew is now a bunch of Booboos writing design specs after the stock options fell through last month." Origin: The cartoon character Yogi Bear's younger bear friend. See also NCG -- Steve Ehrenfried Buzzword Specialist Someone who knows and can impress management and customers with an astounding knowledge of industry buzzwords, but has no real working knowledge of the technology. See also Marketing Puke C Cappuccino Sipper Someone with too much pure academic / theoretical development background. They see software being an entity on its own without any immediate implementation. "Cap. Heads" usually work with lots of CASE tools, statistical analysis packages and an excess of graphical visualization tools (usually running on very powerful and expensive workstations). They prefer languages like: SmallTalk, LISP, pure ANSI C++ and (of course!) experimental programming languages. One considers the actual product to be someone's else's work that "... just makes the theory into reality." Chartware Software that exists only on an overhead projector and the mind of the presenter. Orv Beach Chat-fly (a.k.a. Cyber-barfly) A lady who hangs out in on-line chat rooms sweet talking others to buy her time to keep on-line. Operates in a similar manner to ladies hanging out at bars and having others buy them drinks. Cluster F**k many things going wrong at the same time resulting from one action. Code 18 An error made by the user. Refers to 18 inches from the computer display. A synonym for PEBCAK. Christian Aubert Command Line Weenie or Liner One who prefers using the command line instead of Point 'n' Click. Linda Sinkovic Compile Time Activities Anything done while waiting for code to finish compiling. Ben Gardella C.R.A.P. Stands for Cheap Redundant Assorted Products . Time and time again you see a bad product do well even though there is a product on the market better in every way but costs 5% to 15% more. The cheaper product does better since the market has little knowledge of judging it's quality so the cheaper / inferior product sells better. Alex Okita Critical Path The task of a project that is an absolute to get it finished. It is like a self warning from a someone deeply involved in a project and cannot be disturbed. Destruction will happen if anybody dares to enter their office/room. In many outfits, it is used as a way to warn people not to disturb AT ALL!!!! Origin: Gannt chart terminology meaning "longest and least flexible task" The Tiffmeister Curry A really in demand and innovative technique or technology. This term mostly used when it is being used to something of much larger scope. Example: "That new kernel modification was just the curry needed to meet the new specifications." Origin: Refers to the original root of this word being "spice mix". Curry Network A company LAN that is paid attention to and running fast and very well and thus "hot". Origin: Some of these well cared for equipment rooms have a strong curry smell. This is because heavily curried lunches and dinners are consumed right in the equipment room since network administrators spend so much time there. People working in these rooms also get the smell of curry in their clothes at times. Alex Okita D Dead Tree Edition A paper hard copy of a report. James Hinkin "Deadfish, Idaho" A fictional American mid-west town1 that is viewed to be the worse case condition market spot for mass produced products. It is know for several qualities like: very "normal" and typical people without imagination nor innovation, anyone with creative ability is feared and small independent efforts of any type are considered "cult". It is also source for some of the most innovative talent in Silicon Valley that left since they were feared and thus invalidated by the status quo of the town. Example: "Well this interactive CD is a great product, but how are we going to package it so it isn't burned in the parking lots of Deadfish, Idaho." Note: Comments from Idaho residents can be mailed to me. Demo Monkey When a marketing puke has to demo a product, but hasn't a clue how it works, s/he will recruit a programmer or QA Puke to run a demo. After a while, the better demo givers are called Demo Monkeys by the Suits. Moses Ma Digital Kudzu Software which places artifacts into every nook and cranny of a computer's file system. All attempts to delete such applications miss at least some of the artifacts, which then interfere with other processes forever after. Mike Gallant Down Time A term that originally came out of the industrial era and mean that the machine was broken and so one couldn't work. Now it means that the network is so slow it takes at least 15 minutes for my favorite Web page to show up; might as well be at the beach doing something productive. Steve Ehrenfried DRI Directly Responsible Individual. Usually said as in, "The DRI for product release." Ben Gardella Drowndex an convention that is so large and organized, no real innovations are presented, only incremental improvements. Drump (dumpy lump) typically, a middle-aged, pot bellied, sexually frustrated, single person who has given up on dating. They have accepted a life of living alone for only one's career and personal hobbies. E "East Coasting" Doing something that reflects an eastern United States mindset. Examples of this are: * placing too much emphasis on hierarchy and management decisions * being uptight and angry continually * blindly following a precedence decision * honking you horn if the car ahead of you doesn't move in the same second the light turns green * viewing new college graduates as targets for mental abuse Origin: mostly comes from criticism of corporate styles of the New York and Boston areas. "Enabled" A yuppie management term that means someone has been given the necessary resources to perform a task. Steve Ehrenfried The (Evil) Empire of the North Any big software company in the Pacific Northwest who takes pot shots at Silicon Valley. Linda Sinkovic Extended Beta The Production Release will be 'Real Soon Now'. Linda Sinkovic F Facer Anyone, most commonly a salesperson or public speaker, that is able to wax interest to create a positive reaction to the one they are talking with at any moment. They are very good at not having their intention or own feelings chalk up the scene. FCS (First Customer Ship) To many investors, when a company becomes real buy shipping a product for the first time. flowie A tall, thin, long legged woman dressed in long flowing skirts with loose accessories in either earth tones or bright colors. There is an extreme amount of amazon style women here in the California Bay Area that fit this stereotype. Example: Some flowie just came by here looking for you. "the Five and Dime" (a.k.a. "Nickel and Dime") Refers to American telephone area code 510. It covers the east San Francisco Bay area, most notably Oakland and Berkeley, and is commonly used by telco and telecom workers. Brian Lee Cross Forced Coolness (or Forced Hip) An artificial company image that makes them appeal to the "younger, with it generation" when in fact the company's culture and/or management are definitely not that style. Forced Downgrade Demoted (usually from executive level job) to a totally meaningless job or position with the intentions of the person being forced to quit to avoid contract. Wallace Krebs Four-O-Four (404) Isn't where you are looking for it. Origin: the error code given to a web browser when the requested page isn't found. Jared Kile F.Y.I.F.V. Acronym ("F**k You! I'm fully vested!") A very common term in Silicon Valley Start-ups. Means that ones holdings are totally held without any penalties off loosing it if they leave the company. In other words, they are rich. Steve Ehrenfried F.R.E.D. Acronym (F**king Ridiculous Electronic Device) used to name your computer or answer machine or what ever electrical device you have a found affection for. ZMan the "Mechanic" G "G word, the" Among programmers, refers to the goto command which is commonly associated with bad programming form and spaghetti code. Almost a taboo to use. Theran Andrew Cochran Geeking, Double using two computers at the same time. Hence, triple geeking is using three computers at once. Generation (what kind of hacker you are) First Generation hackers (born 1950 to 1969) usually have one word handles (i.e. Stealth, Sunspot, Matrix) , second generation hackers (born 1970 to 1989) have two word handles (i.e. Phiber Optic, Snake Lord, Acid Run) while the baby hackers (born after 1989) are using phrases to describe themselves (i.e. Enter the Night, Midnight Lightning Stroke and Reaching for Stars). Genius Killer an executive that tries to suppress innovation for fear that it will interrupt cash flow of an established product. "grepping" to search for something in a very methodical manner. Origin: from the Unix line command grep (short for "global regular expression print"). The command would search through a bunch of files looking for specific string in them. H "hacker type" an undisciplined engineer that does technology for ones own idle curiosity and fulfillment. Hacking quickly completed without much understanding to apparent short term results. Hand Holding Tech support done solely to give a customer confidence about what they are doing. They already know how to do something but they just want to have someone around with more experience to relieve pressure of being the most knowledgeable one in the group. Example: "Flying to the plant for the new unit was just hand holding since they already have been trained how to use it.". Hands-Off Manager Doesn't complain when you get in late, and allows you to do the project "your way" since he respects your abilities and knows you'll get it done ahead of schedule if just left alone. A lot of the time, if you get a manager like this, you might wonder if you even have a manager. Steve Ehrenfried Hands-On Manager A manager who still does a little coding just to keep in touch with reality. Steve Ehrenfried High Visibility Position If you screw up, you'll get fired and everyone will know. Be careful about accepting jobs that are described using this term. Steve Ehrenfried I I/O Error Error cause by an I gnorant O perator. A technical support term to label such operator in conversation. It sounds like a computer thing, but we're really saying, "Hey, an Ignorant Operator." in discussion. Origin: Name sake of the term meaning Input/Output Error. Ross Newberry I-d-10-t error (Otherwise known as the idiot error) When a 'puter illiterate whines that something isn't working because either A) It's not plugged in. or B) it's not "Exactly" the way it looked yesterday. dan@catamaran.netwave.net "In the Stocks" 1) Having a job or assignment where one has to be on the company's site for a full 40 hour week. Typically to one that is used to "off site" jobs. 2) Moving from contracting to a full time, salary position for career "safety". Example: "Ever since coming back from that trip back east, she's been 'in the stocks' to finish up the project." "In the Zone" One who so busy at writing software or any other development effort, they completely shut out all other communication in the process by putting all of their attention to it. Mike Cokus, Dave Treemarck Initiative Deliberately disobeying a destructive order from your manager and being right in the long run (like the original Mac engineers who put in a greater RAM capacity than Steve Jobs permitted). Steve Ehrenfried K Kid Sibling Management A style of decision making where one almost always follows the logic of the person whom the manager replaced. One does not use their own experience, if they have any, and solely follows position precedence. Origin: Akin to one acting like a big brother or sister since oneself is not established enough. L LA (as in "doing an LA") This means several things: * putting style and looks before substance and function * arriving somewhere in their own cars without driving anyone else * putting a Hollywood movie production style schedule to software - especially CD-ROMs or games * supressing any expression of excitement or surprise to show "what's new is old to you". * hiring someone for their looks. Lasagna Syndrome writing a piece of software with too many dialog boxes over-lapping each other to complete a task. Legacy Media 1) the "old press" as in radio, television but especially newspapers. 2) anything on web sites that follows media presentation styles of older medias to much restricting the capability of the media it is presented upon . Example: That is web site is so legacy media in form since it reads like a newspaper. 3) something that is presented where the receiver is not contributing to content and is totally passive Lemming 1) an executive or company in general that only produces products solely on a customer demand basis without taking any initiative to lead product innovation. 2) a poorly responding or falling mouse. Brendan Meteer "Let's Discuss That Off-Line" A term typically used in the middle of a heated meeting. It usually means there is someone in the room and it's easier to talk behind their backs. Be concerned if you're the one who's not invited to this "off-line discussion". Steve Ehrenfried "a Little Short On RAM" A reference for when one does not possess the mental capacities that are required for the task at hand. Jim Van Dyke L.M.F.D.A. Short for "Leave My F**king Data Alone." Usually refers to faulty or "enhanced" print spoolers that alter your print images. This is also being applied to web browsers. dragon13@pacbell.net LOPSOD Short for "Long On Promises, Short On Delivery". A product with a lot of hype and not living to its created expectations upon shipment. Roger Sligar Loser Error Errors caused by a user who blames most of their work related problems on the computer. F. Beall "Losing Our Virginity" Refers to the first time you gave up equity in the company to a VC investor. Steve Ehrenfried Lumpy an overweight, over intellectual, introverted person who hangs out at trade shows and sci-fi conventions. Usually turns into a Drump in later life. M "Magic Smoke" The substance you see escape out of computers right after they stop working. In actuality, it is the electrical hardware burning out. This condescending joke has come about to explain to the naive that there is "magic smoke" inside the computer chips that is placed in there during manufacture that makes it all work. That is why there are so many big tanks by semiconductor fabs. Those tanks hold the "magic smoke" for the chips. Mainframe Management An dated management group. Especially a group that has a lot of new hires that are restricting moderate changes in product, production or culture fearing they will loose centralized power. Origin: This mindset came about literally due to the support need to function a mid 20th Century IBM mainframe computer. That is, data coming in and out of the core group of a company since those were the only ones with regular access to the machines. Meatloaf Unsolicited personal mass mail. Usually created by someone who collects personal e-mails from discussion groups, parties and such to add to a group mail list. Then ones personal rants and raves are mailed off whether or not the receiver cares for what's inside. Origin: A relative to Spam but is "home made". Also from the old Vaudeville line "... have you had grandma's meatloaf?" Special credit goes to the e-mail blasts of David Treemarchi. Management by Spreadsheet Very mindless and irresponsible decision making where one's data comes solely from poorly weighted statistics; usually from a general purpose statistical package. Example: Someone is laid off because they have the highest salary in the group. By the spreadsheet, a savings is made. In reality, the productivity of the groups falls since the most productive, thus cost effective, person is lost. Meeting Engineer A person who spends more time in meetings than doing actual work. Those who fall into this category usually have either dated technical skills or none in the first place. This person will tend to complain about how they never have time to get any work done since they're in meetings all the time. Steve Ehrenfried Middles, Three Deadly These are in order: middle manager, middle class and middle aged. In most cases, one out of three is unavoidable. If you get two out of three, it should be of concern. Three out of three -- Panic!! -- and make sure you get something out of your mid-life crisis. Middle School Dance A condition where two pieces of equipment are both waiting for the other to initiate communication thus resulting in no exchange at all. This occurs mostly during peer-to-peer system integration or software networking. Origin: Reflects typical adolescent school social where everyone is so self conscience, no one will initiate by asking someone to dance. Milker a consultant or contractor who pulls out a task over an unneeded length of time solely to get more money without continually adding value. Marketing Puke anyone, not necessarily a marketing person, who lacks a fundamental understanding of a product or market and works solely off buzz-words, catch phrases or analogies. See also Buzzword Specialist N NCG (New College Graduate) typically a very impressionable person on their first professional job with a great deal of zeal and willingness to do anything. Nerd Bird Any weekday direct airline flight between Austin, Texas and San Jose, California. There are many engineers and technical types regularly on this flight since there are so many hi-tech developments in both cities. It is also known that a good amount of job seeking and rumor milling occurs on this flight. Nerve Center the place in the company where the most communication and decisions occur to make it run. Network Pirate Someone who harasses other people on the network, usually within a comany's LAN, just to get their jollies. This person will brazenly look at other peoples' files (if not password protected), and generally do obnoxious things, such as sending unwanted sound files to your computer at the most embarrasing of times. Steve Ehrenfried "Nine to Five Code" Software that is ordinary and plain. It has not real innovation and just gets the job done. Orgin: Notes the time of day that it is written on a regular business schedule. O "Out of the Garage" A very Silicon Valley term denoting a company has moved into its first real office and is now "professional". To this day, many high-tech companies start in residential areas and then move to an office where resources are more accessable (i.e. data-lines, office floor space, storage, etc.) as they grow. Origin: The Garage that Hewlett-Packard was started in Palo Alto, CA during the 1930's. Overgrad Someone in a full-time, salaried professional position that still uses academic politics and attitudes. The core of this attitude is the mistake of assuming popularity makes for career progress. Examples of these actions are: expressing concern in strong voice while not having ability nor actions to follow through, false affinity for others to forward themself and using ones personality and charm to forward their position without any personal production. Good executives are able to identify and layoff these types when productivity stops. Orgin: From the phrase "Not over graduation yet." Alex Okita P Parade traveling over long distances to demonstrate products. PEBCAK Stands for "Problem Exists Between Chair And Keyboard". Acronym slang for idiot operator errors used by tech support people trying to make it sound sophisticated to the user. Mark Ward Pencil In tentatively planned but no commitment made. Pin Bender Shoddy Technician Brendan Meteer PITA Fee An "extended service fee" or "additional delivery cost" added on a bill or invoice done when the customer has been a total "Pain in the A*s" Ponytails Refers to those in creative/art director positions. They are mostly seen in design, post-production, game and entertainment business in or around Silicon Valley. Example: "Well, here's the script, let's run it by the ponytails". Darryl Vance Potato Server Any server in a network which operates suspiciously slower than it's siblings. Origin: The current international data connection is very slow. Thus, servers operating in Ireland created legendary tardiness with its operation compared to transporting sacks of potatoes by train. Alex S. Weinle Prairie Dogging The event of everyone in their cubicles to get out of their chairs, stand up on their toes and peer over the tops of their cubicles to see what is happening. Usually comes from a big fight or something of the same magnitude. You usually just see a lot of other eyes and foreheads if you're one of the "prairie dogs". Steve Ehrenfried Pro-Active Much overused term in Silicon Valley. This means that one should handle situations before they turn into flaps, although it is all-too-often used by managers to "delegate" work to subordinates that they themselves should actually be doing. Steve Ehrenfried Profile-digger (a.k.a. Cyber-golddigger) A lady who goes over on-line chats, personal bios and profiles of services like AOL, Matchmaker, Well, Compuserve and others for the sole meaning of finding a single, rich man to latch-on to and spend their money in a one way relationship. Progammer's Butt Also called "bubble butt" outside of the high-tech field. This is what programmers get from long hours of coding combined with using pizza as their staple food. Shows why programmers must occasionally enjoy the fresh air or join a health club. Steve Ehrenfried Q QA Pukes What software engineers sometimes use to refer to their Quality Assurance (QA) department. Testers and QA personnel often get no respect at a lot of the high-tech companies in Silicon Valley since the software engineers consider themselves technically superior to QA and because the QA folks have been known to find bugs at the most inopportune moments, like two hours before Golden Master. Steve Ehrenfried Quadruplitory Development The phenomenon of four different engineers being assigned to the same task, in complete ignorance of each other. Paul Briscoe R Real Programming writing software with no debugging facilities at all. Code is built up from a single, simple operation to incremental complexity 'til the desired function is achieved. Famous systems were made through this method since there were no tools yet created to debug them. Re-Start Up A company who's initial business plan failed but still has the resources to change direction in attempt to survive. RFR A requirement for a product to get funding for development. If a product looks like it will make you REALLY F*CKING RICH, it's referred to as RFR and gets funded. Moses Ma RFS Mean in a exasperated term when the product will ship REALLY F*CKING SOON. Example: "RFS, okay? Can we kill this meeting and just let me get back to programming, will ya?" Moses Ma RTFM Stands for "Read the F**king Manual". A very common term exchanged between technial support people. This expression indicats that the answer to a problem could be found by reading the manual supplied with the hardware/software in question. Larry Cody S Scarecrow Technology A hyped-up piece of technology that when examined and used, has no uniqueness nor value other than image. Example: "That so called secret object-oriented technology was only a bunch of database requests inside a button click and ended up being Scarecrow Technology during the buyout talks." Christina Freymarc Schedule-Driven A product that's going to be shipped by a certain date whether or not its ready and whether or not the QA folks approve of it. Steve Ehrenfried Screen-Saver Face The look one gets when they have been bored to the point of just shutting off their brain. Jim Van Dyke Self-Starter Doesn't need orders to operate. Also means that people have enough confidence in him/her that he/she gets in when he/she feels like it (at a reasonable time, of course - say noon?). Steve Ehrenfried SEP A term used for bug, bad business policy or other general snafu, usually implemented despite your advise, that is ignored because you are powerless to fix it. Origin: Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Rick Beck Shareware Girl the one lady that is everybody's darling . Fabio "Zedd" Cavallo Sheeple Short for "Sheep People". 1) Groups who reactively act from saturation advertising, fads, trends and need to go along with the crowd. 2) Those who let "group think" affect their decisions instead of their own individualism. 3) The nickame given to those who's purchasing habits matching that of large demographics by 80% or greater. B.J. West Shelfware (a.k.a. Coasterware) Software that is so worthless it remains in the shrink-wrapped box on the shelf above your desk. Tim Rapp Shovelware CD-ROMs that have no content organization at all. The data was just blindly copied on and requires and excessive amount of searching to find something useful. Show Trade show where products are exhibited. "Singing 'Daisy'..." The final action of a computer when it is being brought down for good; most noteably for large miniframe or mainframe computers. Origin: The scene from 2001: A Space Odyssey as the HAL computer was being shutdown and it was singing "Daisy". Skeet A handheld device or small desktop unit either so faulty or obsolete that it is only good for skeet shooting (e.g. akin to clay ducks thrown in the air for shotgun firing practice). Example: "Ever since the release of the Newton 2000, the old 100's are skeet." SLIRK Stands for "Smart Little Rich Kid". A very bratty, pretentious, young child with great technical prowess using daddy's money for "toys." These types become either fantastic entrepreneur / engineers or totally renegade, technical criminals upon becoming of age. Smoke Test The first time electrical power is applied to a printed circuit board. If the board does not smoke from a short or overload, it has passed the Smoke Test. Sneakernet When data is transferred between workstations by copying it to a floppy and walking it to the intended workstation. James Hinkin Spaghetti Code Software whose execution path is so tangled and confusing it is almost impossible to understand. Often brought about by overuse of the G word. Theran Andrew Cochran Start-Up a company starting from the ground up. A new name is formed, people recruited and something is created. S.T.B.Y. Stands for "Sucks to be you". Usually said when the person you are talking to really screwed up. Ben Gardella Strawman (a.k.a. Strawdog) a proposal that everyone expects to fail but it gets your group noticed. Example: "This is just a strawman proposal to see if we can generate any interest from the marketing weenies." Sharon Bond "the Suits" After a startup gets to a certain size, "the suits" start to drift in with the supposed purpose of expanding the company. These are the sales/marketing/finance types that wear a buttoned-down shirt and tie in a high-tech company when even the CEO doesn't. Be careful with these types around as they tend to be very political and backstabbing, motivated by money, not by the passion of technology. Example: In Apple Computer, Jobs/Wozniak were technologists and visionaries, Scully was "the suit". Similar in some ways to a Marketing Puke. Steve Ehrenfried Synergy two or more people getting together to do a job without anyone knowing the overall skills needed. T Team Player An engineer with no backbone who just "yes"'es everything at a design review. Can also mean someone who gets in early and makes coffee for everyone else. The latter definition is more desirable when it is being applied to you. Steve Ehrenfried Techno-Babble words which are specifcally arranged in such a way that any educated person will see the fact that the definition of techno-babble is a "conglomeration of co-descriptive informative verbs, adjectives and nouns" To the un-educated these techno-babble phrases, like the one describing this definition, were ment to overwhelm the newbie as to resist the weak spirited in the computer industry thus creating a cult feeling to those "in the know". Alex Okita Ten Dollar Solution Anything that works infinitely better than that "new thing" and the superior technology is at least 30 years old. (i.e. trying to follow a ballgame on a Real Audio plugin vs. a ten dollar transistor radio). Ben Gardella Theory Design (a.k.a. Scientific Design, Generalization Engineering, Head-in-the-clouds Development) An often ill-fated development method that doesn't result in a product since too much generalization and theory was used. It usually comes about when one just "stops and thinks" way too often. Thus, confrontation of reality is lost by not attacking nor experimenting with the problem. Many developers do this after a series of product failures and thus "gun shy" of implementation. Example: "Instead of just trying the different equipment configurations, he was just calling everyone he knew, formed a group opinion and delayed the project for a week. We needed to call in another engineer to recover from his Theory Design." Think Time This is what a human when he/she gets an "idle event". One usually has a lot of this type of time during a long compile or a slow network connection. Steve Ehrenfried Thunk 1) software calling oldered software of a smaller word size. 2) Using an older mindset out of conveince -- especially with management decisions. "Three A.M. Code" Software written in a very original, hackly or unorthodox manner. It is usually innovative breaking a lot of the "rules" of good design in order to get a product shipping. See also curry. Origin: The time of day code like this is usually written. "Throw it over the wall" Get your part of some project done, then pass it off to the next group that has to worry about it (or most likely, review it.) Mostly used when there is little contact or communication with the other group. Example: We'll get that new design finished, then throw it over the wall to the next group to look at. Sharon Bond TLA departments Short for "Three Letter Acronym". A department of a company that does not have any apparent function at all. Groups like this are usually created by trendy management fads. Roger Sligar Tofu made too general in use or appearance for anying specific. Tofu Syndrome making software or a product so general and portable that it does not take any advantage of special features of the machine it is being run on. Torpedo an unproductive person going to a rival organization, sometimes with encouragement. Triority The three things your manager would have you do at once. Paul Briscoe U Uninstalled Fired or laid off. Example: "Jeff was here last week, but he was uninstalled on Monday." Wallace Krebs V Valley Wash-Out one in the high-tech business who had an established career in the Valley and moved their career elsewhere by taking: a cut in pay, a more "secure" position, or "gave up on the scene". They are easily spotted by their dramatization of how much better it is where they are and how tough it is out here. Vapourware (or " vaporware " as you Americans spell it) soft/hardware that has been advertised for months but isn't available in any shape or form. Tim Hughes Visionary A term usually applied to industry opinion leaders like Steve Jobs and Bills Gate. Although it can mean someone who has the ability to see into the future and/or can envision a brilliant new technology, it usually means someone who sees the value in the work other people have done. Steve Ehrenfried VRBS (Virtual Reality Bulls**t) any talk about a technology so far reaching, no immedate application can be created. W Waldo a demo given with great showmanship for a product with little innovation or creativity. "The Way" 1) Having a very instant, zen-like understanding of a problem and how to solve it. 2) Possessing the ability to know how to write complex software and complete it without any rewriting or major adjustment. Worder anyone who use personal computers only for writing, just like a typewriter machine. Fabio "Zedd" Cavallo WOMBAT Stands for "Waste of Money Brains and Time". Is suitable to describe a person, product or project. Steve Wilson Y "You're good." a very high compliment one engineer can give to another. It simply states that one's work is appreciated and you can create very well. Z Zapping The lowest form of software programming know to mankind. It involves altering the assembly code in hex format after it has been output from a complier or assembler. Done typically when there is a compiler bug, the proper data is not being generated or original source code has been lost. Origin: Comes from the old IBM mainframe days of the 1960's where field units were updated in the exact manner. . -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. I'm using the term "midwest" in the California view here. Others would consider Idaho part of the Mountain States. Here "midwest" is considered anything west of Fresno and the east coast starts at Chicago. Things are different out here. 2. There has been a bit of controversy over where the term grep comes from. Another alleged origin of the work is "Get Regular Expression and Print". . Thanks to Lucy for finding a few errors. Aperture time sample and hold circuit,time taken for a sample to begin after the command is given. Backlash same as hysteresis but more commonly applied to mechanical systems Baseline reference set of data against which operating data is compared. BCD Binary Coded Decimal where decimal digits are expressed in a binary code between 0000 (zero) and 1001 (nine) Bridge electronic network that effectively provides zero offsetting. See Wheatstone Bridge Conversion Time time required by an analog to digital converter to fully convert and analog input sample. Correlation measurement of the degree similarity between two signals. Current Loop (4 -20 mA) - An industrial signaling standard between transducers (transmitter) and measuring device (reliever). signal is scaled between 4 and 20 mA by transmitter. Dark Current current that flows in a photo sensor when there is no incident radiation. Floating condition where the voltage on a line relative to a reference point is not defined due to the lack of an electrical connection or due to very high source impedance Galvanometer instrument for measuring small electric currents the movement of a current carrying coil in a magnetic field. Gaussmeter instrument for measuring the intensity magnetic fields Geiger-Muller Counter radiation measuring instrument based on high voltage (200V to 1000V) gas filled tube that detects charged particles using amplification avalanche process. Grey Code generic term for family of binary codes that have characteristic of changing only one bit in code where incrementing or decrementing a single number in the code. This is done to overcome potential ambiguity caused by uncertainty about precise point when individual bits in a non-Grey code flip due to a change of input. Ground - neutral reference for electrical potential, generally the potential of the Earths crust. Ground Loop circular current path that includes at least two nominal grounds. A major cause of problems in use of sensors and their associated equipment. Guard shield or screen actively maintained at the common mode voltage of a signal pair with intention of reducing effect of insulation leakage and capacitive pick-up on signals with a high source impedance. Hysteresis characteristic of materials, sensors and sometimes instruments to make their behavior dependent on immediate history to which they have been subjected. Typically the final settling point is different when approached from above to when it is approached from below. Kalman Filter process for estimating the value of parameters in the presence of noise and time delays. Nyquist Rate minimum sampling rate required to ensure no loss of information. It is twice the highest frequency component in the signal. needs to be little higher due to imperfect low pass filters. PID Proportional-Integral-Deriverative - refers to a control method where controlling signal is a function of error, the error's history and the error's rate of change. PIN Photodiode semiconductor light detecting diode with a particularly fast response time. Quantization subdivision of the range of a reading into finite number of steps, not necessary equal,each of which is assigned a value. concept is particularly applicable to analog to digital and digital to analog conversion processes. Quantum noise noise due to the discrete or particular nature of light and other short wavelength electromagnetic radiation. Quartz transparent crystalline mineral of silica that finds application in sensors due to its optical and piezoelectric characteristics. RTU Remote Transmitter Unit - a device accepts data from a range of sensors and telemeters information to a distant destination for recording and processing. RTUs can also receive instructions and act on them as part of a control loop. Schmitt Trigger input circuit of a measuring instrument that generated a two state output depending on whether the input is above or below a threshold. The circuit response always includes some hysteresis to improve noise immunity Sensitivity smallest change in a physical quantity or parameter that can be detected by a measuring system. Telemetry process by which measured quantities from a remote site are transmitted to a data collection point for recording and processing. Time Constant time required to complete 63.2% of the total rise or decay after a step change of input. It is derived from exponential response e-t/T where t is time and T is the time constant. Time Series sequence of data assigned specific moments in time. It is the history of the object of interest. Transducer device that converts an input signal of one form into an output signal of another form. Often used interchangeably but not necessarily correctly with sensor. this work, "sensor" generally refers to the "raw" sensing element which strictly speaking a transducer, and term "transducer" is used to describe a sensor with some signal conditioning within the package. Vibrating Wire Strain Gauge - a device that responds to strain by changing its natural resonant frequency. wire is electrically plucked and the frequency measured. wire can be maintained in continual vibration with appropriated circuits. Wheatstone Bridge four arm resistance bridge having 1, 2 or 4 variable resistances. It is commonly used with resistance based sensors, strain gauges and RTDs. Zero Suppression process used to increase system sensitivity of sensors with large output offset. bridge circuit is an example. Absolute Humidity mass of water vapor in a unit volume of gas mixture. Absolute Pressure pressure exerted on a vacuum. Acceleration time rate of change of velocity Adiabatic process which takes place without any exchange of heat between a system and its surrounding Ambient surrounding or prevailing conditions Anemoclinometer device for measuring the inclination of the wind to a horizontal plane Anemometer - a device for measuring wind speed Ängstrom 1/6438.4696 of the wavelength of Cadmium red line, very close to 10-10 meter Aspiration using a partial vacuum to draw up gas Backlash same as hysteresis but more commonly applied to mechanical systems Baseline reference set of data against which operating data is compared Bathometer device for measuring depth in water Bolometer infrared detector that functions by measuring the heating effect of the incident radiation Bourdon Tube pressure sensing element constructed from flattened tube, seal at one end, twisted or curved. Applied pressure untwists the tube Buckley Gauge device that measures very low pressures by sensing the ionization current flow Candela unit for luminous intensity as related to human eye spectral response Ceilometer device for measuring the height of the base of clouds Cerenkov Radiation visible light produced when charged particles pass through a transparent medium at a speed exceeding the speed of light in that medium Cold Junction see Reference Junction and Thermocouples Cryogenic any process carried out at very low temperature - say below -50°C Cryometer low temperature thermometer Curie Point temperature at which a magnetic material losses its magnetic properties Dalton's Law - total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals sum of the pressures that would be exerted if each of the individual gases present were to occupy the same volume by itself Dark Current current that flows in a photo sensor when there is no incident radiation. temperature dependent Dew Point - temperature at which condensation from the vapor phase occurs Diffraction Grating array of fine, equally spaced reflecting or transmitting lines, which diffracts light in direction characteristic of the wavelength of the light Drift undesired change in output over a period of time unrelated to input. Can be due to aging, temperature effects, sensor contamination etc Drosomenter device for determining the amount of dew that condenses on a given surface Dry Bulb Temperature temperature of the air. Used in conjunction with the wet bulb temperature to measure humidity. See humidity page Eddy Current an AC current setup near the surface of a conductor exposed to an electromagnetic field Electrolevel sensor for detecting inclination changes. Consists of a conductive fluid and an air bubble in a seal chamber with three or more electrodes. Used in a bridge circuit with AC excitation. Can be very sensitive although can be prone to drift EMC ElectroMagnetic Conformance - standards associated with emission of undesired radio frequency energy by devices and susceptibility of a device to similar energy Eudiometer device for measuring electric current by measuring the volume of gas produced at electrodes during electrolysis Evaporimeter instrument for measuring evaporation rates, particularly of water into the atmosphere Excitation power applied to a sensor to enable it to function Extensometer device for measuring small changes in length. Used in geotechnical and materials science areas. Ferrography science of sampling lubricants from machines and analyzing the size distribution of wear particles Fixed Point or defining point - a reproducible standard value, usually derived from a physical property of a pure substance. example triple point of pure water defines temperature of 0.010°C Floating condition where the voltage on a line relative to a reference point is not defined due to the lack of an electrical connection or due to very high source impedance Gage Pressure measure of pressure relative to prevailing atmospheric pressure Galvanometer instrument for measuring small electric currents the movement of a current carrying coil in a magnetic field Gauss Meter instrument for measuring the intensity magnetic fields Geiger-Muller Counter radiation measuring instrument based on high voltage (200V to 1000V) gas filled tube that detects particles using amplification by an avalanche process Grey Code generic term for a family of binary codes that have characteristic of changing only one bit in code where incrementing or decrementing a single number in code. is done to overcome the potential ambiguity caused by uncertainty about precise point when individual bits in non-Grey code flip due to a change of input Ground neutral reference for electrical potential, generally the potential of the Earths crust HPLC High Pressure Liquid Chromatography - an sensitive instrument for identifying large molecule compounds HVAC Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning. An acronym used in building and control industries Hydrometer device for indicating the the specific gravity of a fluid Hygrometer device for indicating humidity Hysteresis characteristic of materials, sensors and sometimes instruments to make their behavior dependent on immediate history to which they have been subjected. Typically the final settling point is different when approached from above to when it is approached from below Inclinometer device for measuring the change of angle relative to the direction of gravitational pull Indicator device to display the value of a parameter Infrared any electromagnetic wave whose wavelength is between 0.78 and 300 µM Ionization Gauge pressure sensor based on conduction of electric current through ionized gas Useful below 100 Pa IP Code coding system to describe the level of protection against penetration by solids and liquids provided by an enclosure or case for equipment. See IP Codes page IRGA InfraRed Gas Analyzer - an instrument able to measure some types of gas in a gas mixture by measuring their characteristic infrared absorption Johnson Noise thermally induced electrical noise in resistive elements Kalman Filter process for estimating the value of parameters in the presence of noise and time delays. Konimeter device for measuring dust concentration in air by collecting dust on glass slide ready for counting under a microscope Load Cell transducer for the measurement of force or weight, usually based on strain gauge bridge or vibrating wire sensor Lumen unit of light flux visible to the human eye Luminance luminous intensity of a surface in a given direction per unit of projected area in plane perpendicular to that direction Magnetometer instrument for measuring the strength of a magnetic field Manpower physical world a unit of power equivalent to 74.60 watts. Obsolete Odometer device that displays the distance traveled by a motor vehicle Oleometer device for measuring the specific gravity of oil as a means of determining purity. Olfactometer instrument for measuring the sense of smell by issuing know concentrations of odorous materials. Pachymeter instrument for measuring the thickness of material, particularly paper Pedometer device for measuring to distance walked Penetrometer instrument for determining the strength of semi-solids such as grease, wax and soil Peltier Effect observable effect of a voltage generated by temperature gradient in two wires of dissimilar metals joined at one end. pH logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in water. It is measured with a pH electrode Phytometer device or system for measuring the transpiration of plants PID Proportional-Integral-Deriverative - refers to a control method where controlling signal is a function of error, the error's history and error's rate of change PIN Photo-diode semiconductor light detecting diode with a particularly fast response time Pirani Gauge sensor for low pressures (<100 kPa) that utilizes the pressure dependent effect of thermal conductivity between air and a heated wire Pitot Tube sensor to measure fluid velocity by generating a pressure that is the difference between the total static pressure and the dynamic pressure Piezoelectric Effect generation of electric charge by certain materials when a force is applied, or conversely deformation of the material when a potential is applied. Usually electrodes are deposited or attached to material to facilitate electrical coupling Plank's Equation equation defining the radiation emitted by a blackbody. See Non-Contact Temperature Sensors Pyroelectric Effect generation of electric charge by certain materials when heat is applied by conduction or radiation Quantum noise noise due to the discrete or particular nature of light and other short wavelength electromagnetic radiation Quartz transparent crystalline mineral of silica that finds application in sensors due to its optical and piezoelectric characteristics Radiation Shield in air temperature measurement a vented and reflective enclosure to shield a sensor from incident infrared radiation. See the Temperature page. In nuclear field a heavy shield to absorb high energy subatomic particles Raoult's Law dissolved substance will lower the partial pressure of solvent proportionally to mole fraction of the dissolved substance. Useful phenomena for the calibration of humidity sensors. Reynolds Number important dimensionless number associated with fluid flow used in scaling fluid systems and in determining the transition point from laminar to turbulent flow. It represents the ratio of the momentum forces to the viscous forces in the fluid flow RTU Remote Transmitter Unit - device accepts data from a range of sensors and telemeters information to a distant destination for recording and processing. RTUs can also receive instructions and act on them as part of a control loop Sensitivity smallest change in a physical quantity or parameter that can be detected by a measuring system. SteinHart and Hart equation - a mathematical description of a thermistor's temperature to resistance relationship. (Also see the Capgo Thermistor Calculator) Stevenson Screen - radiation shield used to house outdoor meteorological instruments Tachometer instrument for measuring the speed of rotation Telemetry - process by which measured quantities from a remote site are transmitted to a data collection point for recording and processing Thermocouple temperature sensor based on voltage produced by a temperature gradient in two wires of dissimilar metal joined at one end. See the Thermocouple and Thermocouple Color Code pages for more detail Thermopile array of usually series connected thermocouples designed to increase to signal level and or provide a degree of spatial temperature averaging. See the Thermocouple page Time Constant time required to complete 63.2% of the total rise or decay after a step change of input. It is derived from exponential response e-t/T where t is time and T is time constant Time Series sequence of data assigned specific moments in time. It is the history of the object of interest Torque rotary force Transducer device that converts an input signal of one form into an output signal of another form. Often used interchangeably but not necessarily correctly with sensor. "sensor" generally refers to the "raw" sensing element which is strictly speaking a transducer, and term "transducer" is used to describe a sensor with some signal conditioning within the package Turbidity - optical opacity of water containing suspended matter. Measured with a nephelometer Tyndall Effect side ways scattering of light passing through a transparent fluid containing suspended material Ultrasonics technology associated with the use of sound above 15 kHz. Applied to thickness, density, flow , level sensing. Also used for imaging U-Tube Manometer sensitive means of measuring low pressures by use of partially fluid filled U shaped tube. Suitable for Gage and Differential pressure measurement Vapor Pressure pressure (at a given temperature) at which a liquid is in equilibrium with is vapor Venturi Meter flow meter that measures flow rate by determining pressure drop through a venturi constriction Vibrating Plate Electrometer - a means for measuring high impedance voltage source using capacitor with vibrating electrode to rapidly change the capacitance. The resulting small current flow then measured via series resistor Vibrating Wire Strain Gauge - a device that responds to strain by changing its natural resonant frequency. wire is electrically plucked and the frequency measured. Alternatively wire maintained in continual vibration with appropriated circuits Viscosity measure of internal friction of a fluid. Metric units of viscosity are poise, are a number of other units used , particularly for lubricants and sugar. Vortex Flow Meter sensor that detects the frequency of vortex shedding behind obstacle in flowing fluid by small pressure variations Warm-up Period time it takes a circuit to stabilize after the application of power. Wet-Bulb Temperature lowest temperature a wetted body will attain when exposed to an air current. It is the temperature of adiabatic saturation. Wheatstone Bridge four arm resistance bridge having 1, 2 or 4 variable resistances. It is commonly used with resistance based sensors, strain gauges and RTDs. It is effective in suppressing to zero point thus allowing higher amplification and for temperature compensation Wien Bridge - type of AC bridge, now rarely deployed Wind Chill Factor factor applied to temperature that attempts to better represent the feel of low temperature, wind and humidity on people Wollaston Wire fine platinum wire used in hot wire anemometers. made by drawing a silver sheathed platinum wire and dissolving silver with acid. Is being replaced with micro-machining methods Zero Suppression process used to increase system sensitivity of sensors with a large output offset. By suppressing the zero, higher amplification may be applied. The bridge circuit is an example Ground Loops points nominated as Grounds are at different potentials (for various reasons) circulating ground currents flow in extreme cases hundreds of amps - but is more commonly less than 500 mA. that can flow as a result of the magneticfieldcurrent generally quiet small (<1 mA) Loop Area Minimization Shielding Magnetic shielding at low frequencies very expensive. Cables can be placed in steel conduit. For small scale problems, the use of mu-metal shielding may be an option. Mu-metal is a special alloy that is effective in shielding, not readily available and it is expensive. At higher frequencies, eddy current shielding is more practical. The effectiveness of eddy current shielding depends on the "skin depth". Skin depth is depth ofconductive material required to establish field opposing eddy currents. Egyptian cubit first known widely used standard length (0.45110 meters) that came into use around 3000 BC was maintained as a length of black granite This was effectively the primary standard against which other cubit sticks (secondary standards) were regularly compared. meter adopted by France in 1795, was a length of indium rod. 1960 meter in terms of the wavelength of krypton light (the meter was set to be 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum o orange-red line of spectrum of krypton-86). length meter 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of orange-red line krypton-86 mass kilogram Cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy kept in France and a May be replaced by atomic standard within ten years. time second Time for 9,192,631,770 cycles of resonance vibration of caesium-133 atom. temperature kelvin Absolute zero defined as 0 kelvin and triple point of water as 273.16 kelvins. luminosity candela Intensity of light source (frequency 5.40x1014 Hz) that gives a radiant intensity of 1/683 watts / steradian in a given direction. current ampere Current that produces force of 2.10-7 Newtons per meter between pair of infinitely long parallel wires 1 meter apart in a vacuum. amount mole mol equal to number of atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12. angle radian angle subtended at center of a circle by an arc that is of same length as radius. solid angle steradian sr solid angle subtended at center of sphere by an area on its surface equal to square of its radius force Newton N force to accelerate 1 kilogram mass 1 meter / sec / sec charge Coulomb C charge of 1 ampere for 1 second energy Joule J Work done by force 1 Newton moving 1 meter in power Watt W 1 Joule per 1 second pressure Pascal Pa Pressure due a a force of 1 Newton applied over an area of 1 square meter Systematic Error: An error that can be predicted and hence eventually removed from data is a systematic error. Instrumental Errors: systematic errors include calibration errors, input zero drift and gain drift. Measuring equipment can also induce nonsystematic errors. Instrument errors are considered in more detail in the Measurement Methods pages. Nonsystematic Errors: one that cannot be predicted due to a randomness Nonsystematic errors limit ultimate accuracy Thermal Noise random movement of electrons in a material induces small temperature dependent currents in a conductor. The resulting voltage is dependent on the resistance value according to Johnson's noise equation: Erms = Sqrt (4 .k.T.R.F ) Erms = rms noise voltage (V) Sqrt() = the square root function k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.38x10-23 ( J K-1) T = the absolute temperature (K) R = the resistance of the circuit element (Ohms) F = frequency bandwidth being considered = fmax- fmin (Hz) Thermal emf Temperature gradients in conductors of different materials can induce small thermoelectric voltages by Peltier effect. Dielectric Absorption This effect only occurs with high impedance (>100 Mohms) sensors such as pH electrodes then only when sensor output changes relatively quickly. Strictly, dialectic absorption is more of a signal distortion than superimposed noise, low absorption insulators such as polypropylene, polystyrene, Teflon. Minimize magnitude of voltage changes to less than a few volts. Audiophonic Noise Physical vibration of the measuring Avoid high value ceramic capacitors in input circuits. NPO types are generally OK. Avoid component stress by restricting and damping vibration of circuit boards. Place susceptible components such that the net effect cancels out. This is most easily done with resistors in bridge or divider networks. Cable Noise cable can exhibit piezoelectric charge generation when mechanically moved or stressed. result is a most noticeable with high impedance sensors. triboelectric effect friction between cable's insulator and conductor generate a surface charge. Again, the result is a most noticeable with high impedance sensors. wet cable Ensure cable is internally dry. Water can "wick" many meters between the layers of a cable. A penetrating oil applied at each end can minimize this effect. Noise Filtering follows the 80:20 rule. Simple filtering theory requires only 20% of effort but can provide 80% of results! Specifications typical order of importance in the following table: Specification Poor OK Good Accuracy 25°C 1% 0.1% 0.01% Accuracy 0°C to 50°C 1.5% 0.2% 0.015% Resolution - voltage 50 µV 5 µV 1 µV Resolution - bits 10 12 16 CMRR 80 db 95 db 110 db 50/60 Hz Rejection 10 db 40 db 50 db Common Mode Range ± 1V ±5V ± 15V Speed 5 Hz 100 Hz 50 kHz Settling Time (to 0.01%) 100 ms 5 ms 10 µS Temperature Range 15 °C to 5 °C to 40 -20 °C to 30 °C °C 60°C Input Bias Current 1 µA 10 nA 100 pA Input Impedance 100 kOhms 10 MOhms 100 MOhms Channel Cross Talk 60 db 80 db 110 db RF Susceptibility 50 V/m 500 V/m 2 kV/m Input Noise 10 µVpk-pk 3 µVpk-pk 1 µVpk-pk ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII character set contains 128 coded characters. Each ASCII character 7-bit coded unique character; 8 bits when a parity check bit is included. ASCII consists of control characters and graphic ATM asynchronous transfer mode (ATM): high-speed multiplexing and switching method utilizing fixed-length cells of 53 octects to support multiple types of traffic. ATM, specified in international standards, is asynchronous cells carrying data need not be periodic. balun balun: Abbreviation for balanced to unbalanced. In radio frequency usage, device to couple balanced to unbalanced device or line baud (Bd) baud (Bd): 1. A unit of modulation rate. One baud one unit interval per second, 2. unit of signaling speed equal to number of events per second. If duration 20 milliseconds, is 50 bauds. BCD binary-coded decimal (BCD) representation of a decimal digit of no fewer than four binary digits. Boltzmann's (k) Boltzmann's constant (k): number that relates average energy of molecule to absolute temperature. Boltzmann's constant is approximately 1.38 × 10-23 J/K (joules/kelvin). ISDN (B-ISDN) broadband ISDN (B-ISDN): Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) offering broadband capabilities. B-ISDN is a CCITT-proposed service data rates from 150 to 600 Mb/s, use asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) to carry all services over a single, integrated, high-speed packet-switched network have LAN interconnection capability, cable TV (CATV) cable TV (CATV): television distribution method transmitted by (coaxial or fiber) cable or microwave links to users. abbreviation CATV originally meant "community antenna television. However, CATV is now usually understood to mean cable TV. lambda_cc cable cutoff wavelength ( cc ): For a cabled single-mode optical fiber under specified length, bend, and deployment conditions, wavelength at which the fiber s second order mode is attenuated a measurable amount when compared to a multimode reference fiber or to a tightly bent single-mode fiber. T CSMA carrier sense multiple access (CSMA): network control scheme in which a node verifies absence other traffic before transmitting. CASE CASE: Acronym for computer-aided software engineering, Software used for the automated development of systems software, i.e. , computer code. CASE tools automate methods for designing, documenting, and producing structured computer code CCIR CCIR: Abbreviation for International Radio Consultative Committee; a predecessor organization of the ITU-T. CCITT CCITT: Abbreviation for International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee; a predecessor organization of the ITU-T. COBOL COBOL: Acronym for common business oriented language . A programming language designed for business data processing. CDMA code-division multiple access (CDMA): A coding scheme, used as a modulation technique, multiple channels are independently coded for transmission over single wideband channel. some communication systems, CDMA is used as access method that permits carriers from different stations to use the same transmission equipment by using a wider bandwidth than the individual carriers. On reception, each carrier distinguished from others by means of a specific modulation code, thereby allowing for reception of signals that were originally overlapping in frequency and time. several transmissions can occur simultaneously within the same bandwidth, with the mutual interference reduced by the degree of orthogonality of the unique codes used in each transmission. CDMA permits a more uniform distribution of energy in the emitted bandwidth. codec Acronym for coder-decoder . assembly consisting of an encoder and a decoder in one piece of equipment. compandor device that incorporates a compressor and an expander, each of which may be used independently. (188) control character character that initiates, modifies, or stops a function, event, operation, or control operation. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) Time scale, based on the second (SI), UTC is equivalent to mean solar time at prime meridian (0° longitude), formerly expressed in GMT. dBmV dB referenced to one millivolt across 75 ohms. Note: This reference is not equivalent to dBm; it is, in fact, 1.33 × 10-5 milliwatts. delta modulation (DM) delta modulation (DM):Analog-to-digital signal conversion in which analog signal is approximated with a series of segments, (b) each segment of the approximated signal is compared to original analog wave to determine increase or decrease demultiplexing separation of two or more channels previously multiplexed; i.e. , the reverse of multiplexing. (188) DPSK differential phase-shift keying (DPSK): Phase-shift keying that used for digital transmission phase of carrier is discretely varied in relation to phase of immediately preceding signal and in accordance with data being transmitted. DPCM differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) Pulse-code modulation which analog signal is sampled and difference between actual and predicted value, derived from previous sample or samples, is quantized and converted, by encoding, to digital signal. : There are several variations of differential pulse-code modulation. DLC digital loop carrier (DLC): equipment, including lines, used for digital multiplexing of telephone circuits, is provided by network as part of subscriber access. DNS Domain Name System (DNS): online distributed database system used to map human-readable addresses into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, DFSK double-frequency shift keying (DFSK): Frequency-shift keying in which two telegraph signals are multiplexed and transmitted simultaneously by frequency shifting among four frequencies. (188) DSB-SC double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) transmission Transmission which frequencies produced by amplitude modulation are symmetrically spaced above and below the carrier frequency and carrier level reduced to lowest level, DSB double-sideband (DSB) transmission: AM transmission in which both sidebands and the carrier are transmitted. DTMF dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) signaling: In telephone multifrequency signaling in which standard set combinations of two specific voice band frequencies, one from group of four low frequencies other from a group of four higher frequencies, Telephones using DTMF usually have 12 keys. Button or DigitFrequencies (Hz) 1 697/1209 2 697/1336 3 697/1477 4 770/1209 5 770/1336 6 770/1477 7 852/1209 8 852/1336 9 852/1477 0 941/1336 * 941/1209 # 941/1477 Tactical telephones have 16 keys For DSN (Defense Switched Network) signal frequency pairs transmitted for ten decimal digits and * and # are same Button or Key Frequencies (Hz) FO (Flash Override) 697/1633 F (Flash) 770/1633 I (Immediate) 852/1633 P (Priority) 941/1633 noise temperature equivalent noise temperature: temperature, usually expressed in kelvins, of ahypothetical matched resistance at input that would account for the measured output noise. ESC escape character (ESC): occurrence of which in the data signifies that one or more of characters to follow are from a different character code, i.e., have meanings other than normal. EHF extremely high frequency (EHF): Frequencies from 30 GHz to 300 GHz. (188) ELF extremely low frequency (ELF): Frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 Hz. (188) FAX facsimile (FAX): form of telegraphy for transmission of images, mode of black and white facsimile operation, defined in CCITT Recommendation T.2, uses double sideband modulation without any special measures to compress bandwidth. 8˝ × 11-inch 6 minutes via telephone CCITT frequencies used are 1300 Hz for white and 2300 Hz for black. North American standard is 1500 Hz for white and either 2300 or 2400 Hz for black. Group 2 Facsimile: bandwidth compression by using encoding and vestigial sideband, 8˝ × 11-inch document, may be transmitted in approximately 3 minutes using a 2100-Hz AM/PM/VSB, over telephone-type circuit. Group 3 Facsimile:incorporates means for reducing the redundant information in signal by using a one-dimensional run-length coding scheme prior to modulation process. 8˝ × 11-inch approximately 1 minute or less over a telephone-type circuit with twice Group 2 resolution. Group 4 Facsimile: uses bandwidth compression techniques transmit, essentially without errors, 8˝ × 11-inch 1 minute over a public data network voice-grade circuit FDDI fiber distributed data interface (FDDI): defined in ANSI standards, for optical-fiber-based token-ring network, dual counter-rotating logical rings, each with a data transmission capacity of 100 Mb/s, (b) reliable data transfer, FSDPSK filtered symmetric differential phase-shift keying (FSDPSK): method encoding information for digital binary 0 encoded as a +90° change in carrier phase binary 1 is encoded as a -90° change in carrier phase, abrupt phase transitions are smoothed by filtering or other functionally equivalent pulse shaping techniques. FIFO first-in first-out (FIFO): entities in a queue leave queue in same order in which they arrive. flops flops: Acronym for floating-point operations per second 15 Mflops equals 15 million floating-point arithmetic operations per second. FDMA frequency-division multiple access (FDMA): use of frequency division to provide multiple and simultaneous transmissions to a single transponder. FDM frequency-division multiplexing (FDM): deriving of two or more simultaneous, continuous channels from a transmission medium by assigning separate portion of frequency spectrum to each of individual channels. FSK frequency-shift keying (FSK): Frequency modulation in which modulating signal shifts output frequency between predetermined values instantaneous frequency is shifted between two discrete values termed "mark" and "space" frequencies. This is a noncoherent form of FSK. Coherent forms of FSK exist in which there is no phase discontinuity in the output signal. Synonyms frequency-shift modulation, frequency-shift signaling. FM frequency modulation (FM): Modulation in which instantaneous frequency depart from center frequency by an amount proportional to modulating signal. FTP FTP: Abbreviation for File Transfer Protocol. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol standard high-level protocol for transferring files from one computer to another, FDHM full duration at half maximum (FDHM): Full width at half maximum in which the independent variable is time. GUI graphical user interface (GUI): computer program or environment that displays options on the screen as icons, i.e., picture symbols, by which users enter commands by selecting an icon. HF high frequency (HF): from 3 MHz to 30 MHz. (188) ISB independent-sideband (ISB) transmission: Double-sideband transmission in which the information carried by each sideband is different. (188) Note: The carrier may be suppressed. infrared (IR) infrared (IR): region of electromagnetic spectrum bounded approximately 0.7 and shortest microwaves ( 0.1 mm). ILD injection laser diode (ILD): laser that uses a forward-biased semiconductor junction as the active medium. Stimulated emission of coherent light occurs at a p-n junction where electrons and holes are driven into the junction. Synonyms diode laser, laser diode, semiconductor laser. IM intensity modulation (IM): optical communications, a form of modulation in which optical power output of a source is varied in accordance with some characteristic of the modulating signal. ISDN ISDN: Abbrev for integrated services digital network. An integrated digital network which same time-division switches and digitaltransmission paths are used to establish connections for different services. Note 1: ISDN services include telephone, data, electronic mail, and facsimile. kelvin (K) kelvin (K): unit of thermodynamic temperature, triple point of water at 273.16 K. Celsius temperature scale is defined by setting 0 °C equal to 273.16 K. LIFO last-in first-out (LIFO): entities in a queueleave in reverse order of the sequence in which they arrive. LED light-emitting diode (LED): semiconductor device that emits incoherent optical radiation when biased in the forward direction. LPC linear predictive coding (LPC) method of digitally encoding analog signals, method uses single-level or multilevel sampling system value of signal at each sample time is predicted to be a linear function of past values of quantized signal. LCD liquid crystal display (LCD):display device creates characters by means of action of electrical signals on a matrix of liquid cells that become opaque when energized. LAN local area network (LAN) data communications system that (a) lies within a limited spatial area, (b) has a specific user group, has a specific topology, and is not a public switched telecommunications network, LRC longitudinal redundancy check (LRC): A system of error control based on formation of a block check following preset rules. block check formation rules are applied in the same manner to each character. 2: A combination of longitudinal and vertical redundancy check allows detection and correction of single bit errors. Synonym horizontal redundancy check. LF low frequency (LF): from 30 kHz to 300 kHz. (188) MUF maximum usable frequency (MUF): radio transmission using reflection from regular ionized layers of the ionosphere, upper frequency limit that can be used for transmission between two points at a specified time. Note: MUF is a median frequency applicable ,to 50% of days of a month, as opposed to 90% cited for lowest usable high frequency (LUF) and the optimum traffic frequency (FOT). MTBO mean time between outages (MTBO ) mean time between equipment failures that result in loss MTBO is calculated by the equation, MTBF is the nonredundant mean time between failures FFAS is fraction of failures for which failed equipment is automatically bypassed. MTBO = MTBF/(1-FFAS) MTBF mean time between failures (MTBF) indicator of expected system reliability calculated on statistical basis from known failure rates of various components of the system. expressed in hours. microwave (mw) microwave (mw): Loosely,(1 GHz to 30 GHz). modem modem: Acronym for modulator/demodulator device that both modulates and demodulates signals. MCM multicarrier modulation (MCM): technique of transmitting data by dividing data into several interleaved bit streams and using these to modulate several carriers. MCM is a form of frequency-division multiplexing. MFSK multiple frequency-shift keying (MFSK): Frequency-shift keying (FSK) in which multiple codes are used in transmission of digital signals. (188) In MFSK, the coding schemes use multiple frequencies that are transmitted concurrently or sequentially. NTSC National Television Standards Committee standard nautical mile (nmi) nautical mile (nmi): one minute of arc taken along a great circle. 1852 meters (6076.1 ft.) geographical mile,is equal to 1 min of arc on the Earth's equator (6087.15 ft.). NAK negative-acknowledge character (NAK): transmission control character sent by a station as a negative response to the station with which the connection has been set up. In binary synchronous communication protocol, NAK is used to indicate that an error was detected in the previously received block and that receiver is ready to accept retransmission of that block. In multipoint systems, NAK is used as the not-ready reply to a poll. neper (Np) neper (Np): A unit used to express ratios, such as gain, loss, and relative values. neper is analogous to the decibel, except that Naperian base 2.718281828. . . is used in computing the ratio in nepers. Note 2: The value in nepers, Np , is given by Np = ln(x 1/x 2), where x 1 and x 2 are the values of interest, and ln is the natural logarithm, i.e., logarithm to the base e. One neper (Np) = 8.686 dB, where 8.686 = 20/(ln 10). null character (NUL) null character (NUL): In transmission systems, a control character used to accomplish media-fill stuffing or a time-fill stuffing in storage device or in a data transmission line and that may be inserted and removed from a series of characters without affecting the meaning of the series. Note: The null character may affect the control of equipment or the format of messages. [From Weik '89] OD optical density (OD): For a given wavelength, an expression of the transmittance of an optical element. Optical density is expressed by log10(1/T ) where T is transmittance. higher optical density, the lower the transmittance. Optical density times 10 is equal to transmission loss expressed in decibels, an optical density of 0.3 corresponds to a transmission loss of 3 dB. OTDR optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR): An optoelectronic instrument used to characterize an optical fiber. Note 1: An OTDR injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under test. It also extracts, from the same end of the fiber, light that is scattered back and reflected back. The intensity of the return pulses is measured and integrated as a function of time, and is plotted as a function of fiber length. Note 2: An OTDR may be used for estimating the fiber's length and overall attenuation, including splice and mated-connector losses. It may also be used to locate faults, such as breaks. PAD packet assembler/disassembler (PAD): functional unit that enables data terminal equipment (DTE) not equipped for packet switching to access a packet-switched network. PAL PAL: Acronym for phase alternation by line. A television signal standard (625 lines, 50 Hz, 220 V primary power) used in the United Kingdom, much of the rest of western Europe, several South American countries, some Middle East and Asian countries, several African countries, Australia, New Zealand, and other Pacific island countries. Planck s constant Planck s constant: constant of proportionality, represented by symbol h, relates energy E of photon with frequency of wave E = h*f , where h = 6.626 × 10 -34 joule*second. paramp parametric amplifier (paramp): An amplifier that (a) has a very low noise level, (b) has main oscillator tuned to received frequency, c) has another pumping osc of different frequency that periodically varies parameters, i.e.,cap or inductance, of main oscillator circuit, and (d) enables amplification of applied signal by making use of energy from pumping action. Note: Paramps with variable-capacitance main-oscillator semiconductor diode are used in radar tracking and communications Earth stations, Earth satellite stations, and deep-space stations. noise temperature of paramps cooled to the temperature of liquid helium, about 5 K, is in the range of 20 to 30 K. Paramp gains are about 40 dB. [From Weik '89] PE phase-encoded (PE) recording: Binary recording on magnetic media, such as magnetic disks, tapes, cards, which "1" represented by a magnetic flux reversal to polarity of interblock gap, and a "0" is represented by a magnetic flux reversal to polarity opposite to that of interblock gap when recording in the forward direction PSK phase-shift keying (PSK): 1. In digital transmission, angle modulation in which phase of carrier varied in relation either to a reference phase or phase of preceding signal element, in accordance with data being transmitted. 2. In a communications system, representing characters, such as bits by shift in phase of carrier wave with respect to a reference, For example phase shift could be 0° for "0," and 180° for encoding a "1," PM phase modulation (PM): Angle modulation in which phase angle of carrier is caused to depart from its reference value by modulating signal. (188) PAMA pulse-address multiple access (PAMA) ability of a communication satellite receive severalsignals from Earth simultaneously and to amplify, translate, and relay signals back to Earth, based on addressing of each station by an assignment of a unique combination of time and frequency slots. PAM pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM): Modulation in which amplitude of individual,regularly spaced pulses in a pulse train is varied in accordance modulating signal amplitude of pulses conveys information. PCM pulse-code modulation (PCM): Modulation in which a signal is sampled, and magnitude (respect to fixed reference) of each sample is quantized and digitized over transmission medium. Note 1: In conventional PCM, before being digitized, analog data may be processed (e.g., compressed), but once digitized, the PCM signal is not subjected to further processing Note 2: PCM pulse trains may be interleaved with pulse trains from other channels. PDM pulse-duration modulation (PDM): Modulation which duration of pulses varied in accordance with modulating signal. Deprecated synonyms pulse-length modulation, pulse-width modulation. PFM pulse-frequency modulation (PFM): Modulation which pulse repetition rate varied in accordance with modulating signal analogous to frequency modulation of a carrier wave which instantaneous frequency is a continuous function of the modulating signal. PPM pulse-position modulation (PPM): Modulation which temporal positions of pulses are varied in accordance with modulating signal. PRF pulse-repetition frequency (PRF): In radar applications, synonym pulse repetition rate. PTM pulse-time modulation (PTM) includes pulse-position modulation and pulse-duration modulation. PWM pulse-width modulation (PWM): Deprecated synonym for pulse-duration modulation. QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK): Phase-shift keying in which four different phase angles are used. four angles are usually out of phase by 90°. Synonyms quadriphase, quaternary phase-shift keying. refractive index n refractive index (n, [Image]): Of a medium, ratio of velocity of electromagnetic wave in vacuum to its velocity in medium Synonym index of refraction SSB-SC single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) transmission Single-sideband in which carrier is suppressed carrier power level is suppressed to point where insufficient to demodulate signal. SSB single-sideband (SSB) transmission only one sideband is transmitted. carrier may be suppressed. SDLC synchronous data link control (SDLC) In a data network, a bit-oriented protocol for control of synchronous transmission over data links. TIFF tag image file format (TIFF): file format used to store an image TDMA time-division multiple access (TDMA): communications technique that uses a common channel for communications among multiple users by allocating unique time slots to different users used extensively in satellite systems, local area networks TDM time-division multiplexing (TDM): Digital multiplexing which apparently simultaneous channels derived from a frequency spectrum i.e. , bit stream, by interleaving pulses representing bits from different channels Note: Successive pulses represent bits from successive channels, e.g., voice channels in a T1 system. TEK traffic encryption key (TEK): key used to encrypt plain text or to superencrypt previously encrypted text and/or to decrypt cipher text TSK transmission security key (TSK) key used in control of transmission security processes such as frequency hopping and spread spectrum. TEM transverse electric and magnetic (TEM) mode: mode whose electric and magnetic field vectors are both normal to direction of propagation. most useful mode in a coaxial cable. THF tremendously high frequency (THF): Frequencies from 300 GHz to 3000 GHz. TGM trunk group multiplexer (TGM) time-division multiplexer that combines individual digital trunk groups into a higher rate bit stream for transmission over wideband digital communications links UHF ultra high frequency (UHF) Frequencies from 300 MHz to 3000 MHz. ULF ultra low frequency (ULF) Frequencies from 300 Hz to 3000 Hz. ultraviolet (uv) ultraviolet (uv) electromagnetic spectrum just below visible spectrum, 4 nm to approximately 400 nm Some authorities place lower limit between 1 and 40 nm 1 nm being the upper wavelength limit of x-rays 400-nm is violet Universal Time (UT) Universal Time (UT): 1.coordinated time from 0000 at midnight. 2. celestial gives rotational orientation of Earth Universal Time determined from observations of stars VSB vestigial sideband (VSB) transmission: Modified AM transmission one sideband,carrier, portion of other sideband are transmitted WAN wide area network (WAN): provides data communications to larger number of independent users than are usually served by a local area network (LAN) usually spread over larger geographic area than LAN. metropolitan area network (MAN) serves metropolitan area WANs may be nationwide or worldwide. World Wide Web (WWW) World Wide Web (WWW) An international, virtual-network-based information service composed of Internet host computers that provide on-line information in a specific hypertext format. Note 1: WWW servers provide hypertext metalanguage (HTML) formatted documents using hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). Zulu Time (Z) Zulu Time (Z): Synonym Coordinated Universal Time. Formerly a synonym for Greenwich Mean Time Z_o characteristic impedance (Z o ): impedance connected transmission line causes line to appear infinitely long. will have no standing waves, no reflections from end, Z =( u/e )^(1/2) u= magnetic permeability e = electric permittivity of the medium.