Conductivity electrical conductivity 376.676 1/mohm-cm 2.65e-6uohms-cm Gold = 2.24uohms-cm Al 376.67 1mil = 25.4um 1e6_um = 1e2_cm 1e0_um = 1e-4_cm 1mil = 25.4e-4_cm 1_cm = 394mils wire at lease 100mils long Gold 2.24uohms_cm AL 2.65uohms-cm A 2*PI*(.5mils)^2 = =1.57mil2 L = 1cm = 394mils R = rho*L/A = rho*394mils/1.57mils2 2.24uohms-cm*394(/1.57*25.4e-4cm) .221ohms/cm for Au .261ohms/cm for Al 1mils 25.4um = =2.54e-3cm 100mils = .254cm 66mohms -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- material: resistivity (ohm-cm) Metals copper: 2e-6 good conductors aluminum: 3e-6 iron: 10e-6 Insulators glass: e7 -> e9 bad conductors diamond: e8 -> e9 rubber: e11 -> e13 fused quartz: e14 -> e16 Semiconductors graphite: 0.005 in between germanium: 0.1 -> 10 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- coxal cable 29pF/foot 1.5ns/ft -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Resist Temp Temperature Material state uohm-cm C Coefficient Alumel sol 33.30 0 0.0012 Aluminum liq 20.50 670 sol 2.62 20 0.0039 Antimony liq 123 800 sol 39.20 20 0.0036 Arsenic sol 35 0 0.0042 Beryllium sol 4.57 20 Bismuth liq 128.90 300 sol 115 20 0.004 Boron sol 1.8/1012 0 Brass sol 3.90 20 0.002 66Cu,34Zn Cadmium liq 34 400 sol 7.50 20 0.0038 Carbon dia 5x10+20 15 gra 1400 20 -0.0005 Cerium sol 78 20 Cesium liq 36.60 30 sol 20 20 sol 18.83 0 Chromax sol 100 20 0.00031 15Cr,35Ni,Fe Chromel sol 70-110 0 0.00011 0.000054 Chromium sol 2.60 0 Cobalt sol 9.70 20 0.0033 Constantan sol 44.20 20 0.0002 55Cu,45Ni Copper liq 21.30 1083 commercial annealed sol 1.7241 20 0.0039 Gallium liq 27 30 sol 53 0 Germanium sol 45 20 German silver sol 33 20 0.0004 18%Ni Gold liq 30.80 1063 sol 2.44 20 0.0034 sol 2.19 0 Hafnium sol 32.10 20 Indium liq 29 157 sol 9 20 0.00498 Iridium sol 5.30 20 0.0039 Iron sol 9.71 20 0.0052-0.0062 Kovar A 4585 20 29Ni,17Co,0.3Mn,Fe Lead liq 98 400 sol 21.90 20 0.004 Lithium liq 45 230 0.003 sol 9.30 20 0.005 Magnesium 4.46 20 0.004 Manganese 5 20 Manganin 44 20 0.0002 84Cu,12Mn,4Ni Mercury liq 95.80 20 0.00089 sol 21.30 -50 Molybdenum 5.17 0 4.77 20 0.0033 MnO2 6000000 20 Monel metal sol 42 20 0.002 67Ni,30Cu,1.4Fe,1Mn Neodymium sol 79 18 Niebrome sol 100 20 0.00017 65Ni,12Cr,23Fe Nickel sol 6.90 20 0.0047 Nickel-silver sol 28 20 0.00026 64Cu,18Zn,18Ni Niobium 12.40 20 Osmium 9 20 0.0042 Palladium 10.80 20 0.0033 Phosphor bronze 9.40 20 0.003 4Sn,0.5F,Cu Platinum 10.50 20 0.003 Plutonium 150 20 Potassium liq 13 62 sol 7 20 0.006 Praseodymium 68 25 Rhenium 19.80 20 Rhodium 5.10 20 0.0046 Rubidium 12.50 20 Ruthenium 10 20 Selenium sol 1.20 20 Silicon 85x10+2 20 Silver 1.62 20 Sodium liq 9.70 100 sol 4.60 20 Steel 13-22 20 0.003 0.4-0.5C, Fe Steel, manganese 70 20 13Mn,1C,86Fe Steel, stainless 90 20 0.1C,18Cr,8Ni,Fe Strontium 23 20 Sulfur 2x10+23 20 Tantalum 13.10 20 0.003 Thallium 18.10 20 0.004 Thorium 18 20 0.0021 Tin 11.40 20 0.0042 Titanium 47.80 25 Tungsten 5.48 20 0.0045 Tophet A (80 Ni, 20 108 20 0.00014 Uranium 29 0 0.0021 W205 450 20 W03 2x10+11 20 Zinc li 35.30 420 so 6 20 0.0037 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS INSULATING MATERIALS permittivity of an insulating material e = e_0 +(P/E) e os=permittivity of free space, P=flux den- sity from dipoles within dielectric medium E=electric-field intensity,Picoelectric susceptibility. Resistivity (ohm-cm) Granite e7-e9 Igneous Rocks Lava flow (basic e6-e7 Lava, fresh 3e5-e6 Quartz vein, massive >e6 Metamorphic Rocks Marble, white e10 Marble 4e8 Marble, yellow e10 Schist, mica e7 Shale, nonesuch e4 Shale, bed e5 Limestone e5 Sedimentary Rocks Limestone, Cambrian e4-e5 Sandstone, eastern 3e3-e4 Sandstone e5 Clay, blue 2e4 Unconsolidated Materials Clayey earth e4-4e4 Clay, fire 2e5 Gravel e5 Sand, dry e5 Sand, moist e5~e6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUPERcoNDUcTIVITY Critical Material Temperature NbC 0.10 TaC 9.20 Pb-As-Bi 9.00 PbBiSb 8.90 Pb-Sn-Bi 8.50 Pb-As 8.40 Niobium 8.00 MoC 7.70 Lead 7.22 N2Pb1 7.20 Bi6Tls 6.50 Bismuth 6.00 Sb2Tl 5.50 Vanadium 5.10 Tantalum 4.40 Lanthanum 4.37 TaSi 4.20 Mercury 4.152 PbS 4.10 Hg5TI7 3.80 Tin 3.73 Indium 3.37 ZrB 2.82 WC 2.80 Mo2C 2.40 Thallium 2.38 W2C 2.05 Au2Bi 1.84 CuS 1.60 TiN 1.40 Thorium 1.39 VN 1.30 Aluminum 1.20 Gallium 1.10 TiC 1.10 Rhenium 1.00 Zinc 0.91 Uranium 0.80 Osmium 0.71 Zirconium 0.70 Cadmium 0.56 Ruthenium 0.47 Titanium 0.40 Hafnium 0.35 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gram Elec 1st At Num Atomic Rad Vol Enegat ion Elect Work Funct Sym Z Z+N Weight Ang cm3 Rel ev) ThermPhotoContact Actinium Ac 89 227 227. 1.10 . . Aluminum Al 13 27 26.98 1.25 10 1.50 5.96 . 4.08 3.38 Americium Am 95 243 . . . Antimony Sb 51 121 121.76 1.41 18 1.90 8.50 . 4.10 4.14 Argon Ar 18 40 39.948 24 0 15.68 . Arsenic As 33 75 74.92 1.21 16 2.00 10.50 . 5.11 Astatine At 85 210 . 2.20 . . . . Barium Ba 56 138 137.34 1.98 38 0.90 5.19 2.11 2.48 1.73 Berkelium Bk 97 249 . . . . . Beryllium Be 4 9 9.012 0.89 5 1.50 9.28 3.92 3.10 Bismuth Bi 83 209 208.98 1.52 21 1.90 8.00 4.25 4.17 Boron B 5 11 . 0.8 5 2.00 8.257 4.50 Bromine Br 35 79 79.91 1.14 23 2.80 11.80 Cadmium Cd 48 114 112.40 1.41 13 1.70 8.96 4.07 4.00 Calcium Ca 20 40 40.08 1.74 26 1.00 6.09 2.24 2.70 3.33 Californium Cf 98 251 . . 2.50 . Carbon C 6 12 12.011 0.77 5 1.10 11.217 4.34 4.81 Cerium Ce 58 140 140.12 1.65 21 0.70 6.54 2.60 2.84 Cesium Cs 55 133 132.905 2.35 71 3.00 3.87 1.81 1.92 Chlorine Cl 17 35 35.453 0.99 19 12.95 Chromium Cr 24 52 51.996 1.17 7 1.60 6.74 4.60 4.37 4.38 Cobalt Co 27 59 58.93 1.16 7 1.80 7.81 4.40 4.20 4.21 Copper Cu 29 63 63.54 1.17 7 1.90 7.68 4.26 4.18 4.46 Curium Cm 96 247 . . Dysprosium Dy 66 162 162.50 1.59 19 1.20 6.80 Einstein him Es 99 254 254 . . Erbium Er 68 168 167.26 1.57 18 1.20 . Europium Eu 63 152 151.96 1.85 29 1.10 5.64 Fermium Fm 100 253 253. . . Fluorine F 9 19 18.998 0.72 15 4. 17.34 Francium Fr 87 223 223 0.70 . . Gadolinium Gd 64 160 157.25 1.61 20 1.10 6.70 Gallium Ga 31 70 69.72 1.25 12 1.60 5.97 4.12 3.80 Germanium Ge 32 72 72.59 1.22 13 1.80 8.09 4.50 4.50 Gold Au 79 197 196.967 1.34 10 2.40 9.18 4.32 4.82 4.46 Hafnium Hf 72 180 178.49 1.44 13 1.30 . Helium He 2 4 4.003 . 32 0. 24.46 3.53 Holmium Ho 67 165 164.93 1.58 19 1.20 . Hydrogen H 1 1 1.008 0.37 13 2.10 13.527 Indium In 49 115 114.82 1.50 16 1.70 5.76 Iodine I 53 127 126.904 1.33 26 2.50 10.60 6.80 Iridium hr 77 193 192.20 1.26 9 2.20 . 5.30 4.57 Iron Fe 26 56 55.847 1.17 7 1.80 7.83 4.25 4.33 4.40 Krypton Kr 36 84 83.80 . 33 0. 13.93 Lanthanum La 57 139 138.91 1.69 22 1.10 5.60 3.30 Lead Pb 82 208 207.21 1.54 18 1.80 7.38 4.05 3.94 Lithium Li 3 7 6.940 1.23 13 1.00 5.363 2.35 2.49 Lutetium Lu 71 175 174.99 1.56 18 1.20 . Magnesium Mg 12 24 24.32 1.36 14 1.20 7.61 3.68 3.63 Manganese Mn 25 55 54.94 1.17 7 1.50 7.41 3.83 3.76 4.14 Mendeleviu Md 101 256 256. . . Mercury Hg 80 200 200.59 1.44 14 1.90 10.39 4.53 4.50 Molybdenum Mo 42 98 95.94 1.29 9 1.80 7.35 4.20 4.25 4.28 Neodymium Nd 60 142 144.24 1.64 21 1.10 6.3 3.30 Neon Ne 10 20 20.183 . 17 0. 21.47 Neptunium Np 93 237 237. . . . Nickel Ni 28 58 58.71 1.15 6 1.80 7.61 5.03 5.01 4.963 Niobium Nb 41 93 92.91 1.34 11 . 1.60 . Nitrogen N 7 14 14.007 0.74 14 3.00 14.48 Osmium Os 76 192 190.20 1.26 9 2.20 8.70 4.55 Oxygen O 8 16 16.00 0.74 11 3.50 13.55 Palladium Pd 46 108 106.40 1.28 9 2.20 8.30 4.99 4.97 4.49 Phosphorus P 15 31 30.974 1.10 17 2.10 10.90 Platinum Pt 78 195 195.09 1.29 9 2.20 8.88 5.32 5.22 5.36 Plutonium Pu 94 242 242. . . . Polonium Po 84 209 210. 1.53 2.00 . Potassium K 19 39 39.102 2.03 46 0.80 4.318 2.24 1.60 Praseodymium Pr 59 141 140.90 1.65 21 1.10 5.80 2.70 Promethium Pm 61 145 145. . 1.10 . Protactinium Pa 91 231 231. . 1.10 . Radium Ra 88 226 226.05 . 45 0.90 5.252 Radon Rn 86 222 222. . 50 0. 10.698 Rhenium Re 75 187 186.20 1.28 9 1.90 . 5.10 5.00 Rhodium Rh 45 103 102.90 1.25 8 2.20 7.7 4.57 4.80 4.52 Rubidium Rb 37 85 85.47 2.16 56 0.80 4.159 2.09 Ruthenium Ru 44 102 101.07 1.24 8 2.20 7.70 4.52 Samarium Sm 62 152 150.35 1.66 20 1.10 6.60 3.20 Scandium Sc 21 45 44.956 1.44 15 1.30 6.70 Selenium Se 34 79 78.96 1.17 16 2.40 9.70 4.80 4.42 Silicon Si 14 28 28.086 1.17 12 1.80 8.12 3.59 4.52 4.20 Silver Ag 47 107 107.87 1.34 10 1.90 7.542 3.56 4.73 4.44 Sodium Na 11 23 22.99 1.57 24 0.90 5.12 2.28 1.90 Strontium Sr 38 88 87.62 1.91 34 1.00 5.667 2.74 Sulfur S 16 32 32.064 1.04 16 2.50 10.30 Tantalum Ta 73 181 180.95 1.34 11 1.50 . 4.19 4.14 4.10 Technetium Tc 43 99 99. 1.90 . Tellurium Te 52 130 127.60 1.37 21 2.10 8.96 4.76 4.70 Terbium Tb 65 159 158.92 1.59 19 1.20 6.70 Thallitun TI 81 205 204.37 1.55 17 1.80 6.07 3.68 3.84 Thorium Th 90 232 232.03 1.65 20 1.10 . Thulium Tm 69 169 168.93 1.56 18 1.20 . Tin Sn 50 119 118.69 1.41 16 1.80 7.30 4.38 4.09 Titanium Ti 22 48 47.90 1.32 11 1.50 6.81 3.95 4.06 4.14 Tungsten W 74 184 183.85 1.30 10 1.70 8.10 4.52 4.49 4.38 Uranium U 92 238 238.03 1.42 13 1.10 . 3.27 3.63 4.32 Vanadium V 23 51 50.94 1.22 8 1.60 6.71 4.12 3.77 4.44 Xenon Xe 54 132 131.30 . 43 0. 12.08 Ytterbium Yb 70 174 173.04 1.70 25 1.20 7.10 Yttrium Y 39 88 88.905 1.62 21 1.20 6.50 Zinc Zn 30 64 65.37 1.25 9 1.60 9.36 3.73 3.78 Zirconium Zr 40 94 91.22 1.45 14 1.40 6.92 4.21 3.82 3.60 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Elec Potent At Num Atomic Elect Work Funct Amp-hours Sym Z Z+N Weight ThermPhotoContact Valen per Gram Actinium Ac 89 227 227. . 3 0.35 Aluminum Al 13 27 26.98 . 4.08 3.38 3 2.98 Americium Am 95 243 . . . Antimony Sb 51 121 121.76 . 4.10 4.14 5 1.10 Argon Ar 18 40 39.948 . n 0.67 Arsenic As 33 75 74.92 . 5.11 5 1.79 Astatine At 85 210 . . . . . Barium Ba 56 138 137.34 2.11 2.48 1.73 2 0.39 Berkelium Bk 97 249 . . . . Beryllium Be 4 9 9.012 3.92 3.10 2 5.94 Bismuth Bi 83 209 208.98 4.25 4.17 5 0.64 Boron B 5 11 . 7 4.50 3 7.43 Bromine Br 35 79 79.91 1 0.335 Cadmium Cd 48 114 112.40 4.07 4.00 2 0.477 Calcium Ca 20 40 40.08 2.24 2.70 3.33 2 1.337 Californium Cf 98 251 . . Carbon C 6 12 12.011 7 4.34 4.81 4 8.93 Cerium Ce 58 140 140.12 2.60 2.84 3 0.574 Cesium Cs 55 133 132.905 1.81 1.92 1 0.20 Chlorine Cl 17 35 35.453 1 0.756 Chromium Cr 24 52 51.996 4.60 4.37 4.38 3 1.546 Cobalt Co 27 59 58.93 4.40 4.20 4.21 2 0.91 Copper Cu 29 63 63.54 4.26 4.18 4.46 2 0.84 Curium Cm 96 247 . . Dysprosium Dy 66 162 162.50 3 0.495 Einstein him Es 99 254 254 . Erbium Er 68 168 167.26 3 0.48 Europium Eu 63 152 151.96 3 0.53 Fermium Fm 100 253 253. . Fluorine F 9 19 18.998 1 1.41 Francium Fr 87 223 223 . Gadolinium Gd 64 160 157.25 3 0.513 Gallium Ga 31 70 69.72 4.12 3.80 3 1.15 Germanium Ge 32 72 72.59 4.50 4.50 4 1.48 Gold Au 79 197 196.967 4.32 4.82 4.46 3 0.41 Hafnium Hf 72 180 178.49 4 0.600 Helium He 2 4 4.003 3.53 n 6.698 Holmium Ho 67 165 164.93 3 0.488 Hydrogen H 1 1 1.008 7 1 26.59 Indium In 49 115 114.82 3 0.700 Iodine I 53 127 126.904 6.80 1 0.211 Iridium hr 77 193 192.20 5.30 4.57 4 0.555 Iron Fe 26 56 55.847 4.25 4.33 4.40 3 1.440 Krypton Kr 36 84 83.80 n 0.32 Lanthanum La 57 139 138.91 3.30 3 0.579 Lead Pb 82 208 207.21 4.05 3.94 4 0.517 Lithium Li 3 7 6.940 3 2.35 2.49 1 3.862 Lutetium Lu 71 175 174.99 3 0.46 Magnesium Mg 12 24 24.32 3.68 3.63 2 2.204 Manganese Mn 25 55 54.94 3.83 3.76 4.14 4 1.952 Mendeleviu Md 101 256 256. . Mercury Hg 80 200 200.59 4.53 4.50 2 0.267 Molybdenum Mo 42 98 95.94 4.20 4.25 4.28 6 1.67 Neodymium Nd 60 142 144.24 3.30 3 0.557 Neon Ne 10 20 20.183 n 1.33 Neptunium Np 93 237 237. . Nickel Ni 28 58 58.71 5.03 5.01 4.96 2 0.913 Niobium Nb 41 93 92.91 . . Nitrogen N 7 14 14.007 5 9.57 Osmium Os 76 192 190.20 4.55 4 0.56 Oxygen O 8 16 16.00 2 3.35 Palladium Pd 46 108 106.40 4.99 4.97 4.49 4 1.005 Phosphorus P 15 31 30.974 5 4.33 Platinum Pt 78 195 195.09 5.32 5.22 5.36 4 0.549 Plutonium Pu 94 242 242. . Polonium Po 84 209 210. 6 0.766 Potassium K 19 39 39.102 8 2.24 1.60 1 0.685 Praseodymium Pr 59 141 140.90 2.70 3 0.571 Promethium Pm 61 145 145. . Protactinium Pa 91 231 231. 5 0.580 Radium Ra 88 226 226.05 2 2 0.237 Radon Rn 86 222 222. 8 n 0.121 Rhenium Re 75 187 186.20 5.10 5.00 7 1.007 Rhodium Rh 45 103 102.90 4.57 4.80 4.52 4 1.042 Rubidium Rb 37 85 85.47 9 2.09 1 0.314 Ruthenium Ru 44 102 101.07 4.52 4 1.054 Samarium Sm 62 152 150.35 3.20 3 0.535 Scandium Sc 21 45 44.956 3 1.783 Selenium Se 34 79 78.96 4.80 4.42 6 2.037 Silicon Si 14 28 28.086 3.59 4.52 4.20 4 3.821 Silver Ag 47 107 107.87 2 3.56 4.73 4.44 1 0.248 Sodium Na 11 23 22.99 2.28 1.90 1 1.166 Strontium Sr 38 88 87.62 7 2.74 2 0.612 Sulfur S 16 32 32.064 6 5.01 Tantalum Ta 73 181 180.95 4.19 4.14 4.10 5 0.741 Technetium Tc 43 99 99. . Tellurium Te 52 130 127.60 4.76 4.70 6 1.260 Terbium Tb 65 159 158.92 3 0.505 Thallitun TI 81 205 204.37 3.68 3.84 3 0.393 Thorium Th 90 232 232.03 4 0.462 Thulium Tm 69 169 168.93 3 0.475 Tin Sn 50 119 118.69 4.38 4.09 4 0.903 Titanium Ti 22 48 47.90 3.95 4.06 4.14 4 2.238 Tungsten W 74 184 183.85 4.52 4.49 4.38 6 0.874 Uranium U 92 238 238.03 3.27 3.63 4.32 6 0.676 Vanadium V 23 51 50.94 4.12 3.77 4.44 5 2.63 Xenon Xe 54 132 131.30 n 0.204 Ytterbium Yb 70 174 173.04 . Yttrium Y 39 88 88.905 3 0.904 Zinc Zn 30 64 65.37 3.73 3.78 2 0.820 Zirconium Zr 40 94 91.22 4.21 3.82 3.60 4 1.175