======================PROTOCOLS_BINARY=======================================

n     States          LSB        LSB           LSB_%         S/N_dB  DynRgn
         2^n          1/2^n      in ppm        full scale   Quantiz  dB
0          1          1.000      i,ooo,ooo     loo             1.76  O.OO 
1          2          0.500        500,000      50             7.78  6.02 
2          4          0.250        250,000      25            13.80  12.04 
3          8          0.125        125,000      12.5          19.82  18.06 
4         16          0.062500      62,500       6.25         25.84  24.08 
5         32          0.031250      31,250       3.125        31.86  30.10 
6         64          0.015625      15,625       1.5625       37.88  36.12 
7        128          0.007812500    7,812.500   0.781250     43.90  42.14 
8        256          0.003906250    3,906.250   0.390625     49.92  48.16 
9        512          0.001953125    1,953.125   0.195312     55.95  54.19 
10     1,024          0.000976562500   976.562   0.097656     61.97  60.21 
11     2,048          0.000488281250   488.281   0.048828     67.99  66.23 
12     4,096          0.000244140625   244.141   0.024414     74.01  72.25 
13     8.192          0.000122070313   122.070   0.012207     80.03  78.27 
14    16.384          0.000061035156    61.035   0.006104     86.05  84.29 
15    32.768          0.000030517578    30.518   0.003052     92.07  90.31 
16    65,536          0.000015258789    15.259   0.001526     98.09  96.33 
17   131,072          0.000007629395    7.6´9    0.000763    104.11 102.35 
18   262,144          0.000003814697    3.815    0.000381    110.13 108.37 
19   524,288          0.000001907349    1.907    0.000191    116.15 114.39 
20 1,048,576          0.000000953674    0.954    0.000095    122.17 120.41 
Scale                 Offset Binary  Two's Compl.  One's Compl.  Sign Mag. 
+FS-lLSB              1111... 1111   0111... 1111  0111... 1111  1111... 1111
+3/4 FS               1110... 0000   0110... 0000  0110... 0000  1110... 0000
+l/2 FS               1100... 0000   0100... 0000  0100... 0000  1100... 0000
+1/4 FS               1010... 0000   0010... 0000  0010... 0000  1010... 0000
+0                    1000... 0000   0000... 0000  0000... 0000  1000... 0000
-0                    ----... ----   ----... ----  1111... 1111  0000... 0000
-1/4 FS               0110... 0000   1110... 0000  1101... 1111  0010... 0000
 FS                   0100... 0000   1100... 0000  1011... 1111  O1OO... 0000
-3/4 FS               0010... 0000   1010... 0000  1001... 1111  0110... 0000
-FS+1LSB              0000... 0001   1000... 0001  1000... 0000  0111... 0000
-FS                   0000... 0000   1000... 0000  ----... ----  ----... ---
-------------------------------------------------------------
Straight Binary       or Natural Binary - A positive weighted 
                      code in which a number is represented by 
                      N= a0*2^0 +a1*2^1 +a2*2^2  +... an*2^n 
                      Each coefficient "a" has a value of 0 or 1. 
Data Converters       use the fractional form of this code: 
                      N= a1/2^1 +a2/2^2  +... an/2^n  ; 0<N<1 
Offset Binary         Natural binary code in which the 
                      code represents analog values between -FS and +FS. 
                      The code 0000...0000 correspondsto-FS. 
Complementary         Binary - Binary code which is the 
                      logical complement of straight binary. 
                      All 1's become O's and vice versa. 
Two's Complement      Bipolar binary code in which 
                      positive and negative codes of the same magnitude 
                      sum to all zero's plus a carry. The two's complement 
                      is obtained by complementing the MSB of the offset 
                      binary code. 
One's Complement      Bipolar binary code in which 
                      positive and negative codes of the same magnitude 
                      sum to all one's 
Binary Coded Decimal  Binary code used to 
                      represent decimal numbers in which each digit 
                      0 to 9 is represented by four bits weighted 
                      8-4-2-1. Only the lowest 10 of the possible 
                      16 values are used. 
                      3795=0011 0111 1001 0101 
Sign Magnitude        Code where the MSB denotes 
                      positive (l)and negative (0) polarities. Natural 
                      Binary or BCD coding may be used to represent 
                      the magnitude. 
STANDARD SUBTRACTion  57_10 - 30_10 = 27_10
                          00111001
                          00011110
                          --------
                        = 00011011 
1'S cOMPLEMENT        EQUIVALENT
                         11111111
                         00011110	
                          -------
                        =11100001  TAKE 1`S  COMPLEMENT
                      
                          00111001
                         +11100001
                          -------
                        =100011010
                         `-----> 1 END AROUND CARRY  OPEnATION
                          -------
                          00011011
 l's complement       binary subtraction doesnot require any borrows 
                      but does require an end-around carry.
STANDARD SUBTRACTION  57_10 „ 30_10 = 27_10
                          00111001
                         -00011110
                          --------
                        =00011011
                      
2s COMPLEMENT         EQUIVALENT
                          100000000
                         - 00011110
                          --------
                        =11100010   TAKE 2's COMPLEMENT
                      
                         00111001
                       	 +11100010
                          --------
                        =100011011   DROP ANY  CARRY
                         ---------
                          00011011
2s complement         binary subtraction requires borrows 
                      but does not require an endaround carry.