Area 1 acre = 4047 m2 Area 1 hectare = 1.000E+04 m2 Energy 1 BTU = 1055 J Energy 1 cal = 4.1859 J Energy 1 erg = 1.000E-07 J Energy 1 ev = 1.602E-19 J Energy 1 ft_lbf = 1.3557 J Energy 1 kiloton TNT = 4.187E+12 J Energy 1 kW_hr = 3.600E+06 J Energy 1 megaton TNT = 4.187E+15 J Force 1 dyne = 1.000E-05 N Force 1 lbf = 4.4484 N Force 1 ozf = 0.2780 N Heat capacity 1 BTU/lbm_F = 4188 J_/kg_C Heat transf coeff 1 BTU/hr_ft2_F = 5.6786 W_/m2_C Length 1 AU = 1.496E+11 m Length 1 mile = 1609 m Length 1 Nautical mile = 1853 m Length 1 parsec = 3.085E+16 m Mass 1 amu = 1.661E-27 kg Mass 1 lbm = 0.4535 kg Mass 1 lb€s2/in = 1200.00 kg Mass 1 slug = 14.59 kg Mass flow rate 1 lbm/sec = 0.4535 kg_/s Moment of inertia 1 ft_lb_s2 = 1.3557 kg_m2 Moment of inertia 1 in_lb_s2 = 0.1130 kg_m2 Power 1 BTU/hr = 0.2931 W Power 1 hp = 745.71 W Power 1 tons of refriger = 3516 W Pressure 1 bar = 100,000 Pa Pressure 1 dyne/cm2 = 0.1000 Pa Pressure 1 in. mercury = 3377 Pa Pressure 1 in. water = 248.82 Pa Pressure 1 kgf/cm2 = 98070 Pa Pressure 1 lbf/ft2 = 47.89 Pa Pressure 1 lbf/in2 = 6897 Pa Pressure 1 mbar = 100.00 Pa Pressure 1 microns mercury = 1.3332 Pa Pressure 1 mm mercury = 1333 Pa Pressure 1 std atm = 101,325 Pa Standard atmosphere (atm) 101,325 Pa Specific heat 1 BTU_/lbm_F = 4186 J_/kg_C Specific heat 1 cal_/g_C = 4186 J_/kg_C Thermal conductivity 1 BTU_/hr_ft_F = 1.7307 W_/m_C Thermal conductivity 1 BTU_in_/hr_ft2_F = 0.1442 W_/m_C Thermal conductivity 1 cal_/cm_s_C = 418.60 W_/m_C Thermal conductivity 1 cal_/ft_hr_F = 6.867E-03 W_/m_C Viscosity - absolute 1 centipose = 1.000E-03 N_s_/m2 Viscosity - absolute 1 g/cm_s = 0.1000 N_s_/m2 Viscosity - absolute 1 lbf/ft2_s = 47.87 N_s_/m2 Viscosity - kinematic 1 centistoke = 1.000E-06 m2_/s Viscosity - kinematic 1 ft2/sec = 9.294E-02 m2_/s Time 1 day = 8.640E+04 s Time 1 sidereal year = 3.156E+07 s acre = 43,560 feet2 barrel (petroleum, US) = 42 gallons barrel (proof spirits US) = 40 gallons barrel (beer, US) = 31 gallons bushel = 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks peck = 8 quarts, dry pace = 30 inches cable = 120 fathoms chain (surveyor's) = 66 feet cord (wood) = 128 feet^3 cup = 8 ounces, liquid (US) dram, avoirdupois = 5 ounces, avoirdupois dram, troy = 0.125 ounces, troy dram, liquid (US) = 0.125 ounces, liquid fathom = 6 feet furlong = 220 yards gallon, liquid (US) = 4 quarts, liquid gill (US) = 4 ounces, liquid grain = 0.002 285 71 ounces, ounce, troy = 31.103 476 8 grams = 480 grains hand (height of horse) = 4 inches hectare = 10,000 meters^2 hundredweight, long = 112 pounds, avoirdupois hundredweight, short = 100 pounds, avoirdupois inch = 2.54 centimeters kilogram = 2.204 623 pounds, knot (1 nautical mi/hr) = 1.852 kilometers/hour = 1.151 statute miles/hour league, nautical = 3 miles, nautical league, statute = 3 miles, statute link (surveyor's) = 7.92 inches liter = 1.056 688 quarts, liquid micron = 0.000 001 meter mil = 0.001 inch mile, nautical = 1.852 kilometers =1.150 779 4 miles statute minim (US) = 0.061 611 52 milliliters =0.002 083 33 ounces, township (US) = 36 miles^2, statute ton, metric = 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, ton, short = 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avoirdupois ton, long or = 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avoirdupois ounce, avoirdupois = 437.5 grains ounce, liquid (US) = 29.573 53 milliliters span = 9 inches stere = 1 meter3 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons teaspoon = 4.928 922 milliliters pennyweight = 24 grains pint, dry (US) = 0.5 quarts, dry pint, liquid (US) = 0.5 quarts, liquid point (typographical) = 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches pound, avoirdupois = 16 ounces, avourdupois pound, troy = 12 ounces, troy quart, dry (US) = 2 pints, dry quart, liquid (US) = 2 pints, liquid quintal = 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. rod = 5.5 yards scruple = 20 grains section (US) = 1 mile2, statute or 640 acres inch = 2.54 centimeters mile = 5280 feet = 1.6 kilometers Dry Measure Americans use Avoirdupois pound (lb.) weighing 16 ounces (oz.). 1 kilogram = 35.2 ounces = 2.2 pounds 907.2 kilograms = 2,000 pounds = 1 ton 1 metric ton = 2,200 pounds = 1.1 tons Liquid Measure The English system of liquid measure, as used in the U.S. teaspoon (tsp or t.), the tablespoon (tbs or T.), the cup (c.) the pint (pt.), the quart (qt.) and the gallon (gal.). English/English Equivalents English/International Equivalents 3 t. 1 T. 1 t. 5 milliliters 4 T. 1/4 c. 2 oz. 1 T. 15 ml. 1 c 8 oz. 1 c. 227 ml. 2 c. 1 pint 16 oz. 2 c. 454 ml. 2 pts. 1 qt. 32 oz. 1 qt. 1.10 liters 4 qt. 1 gal. 1 pt. .55 liter 1 gallon 4.40 liters 1 liter .91 qt. Cooking Temperatures: Very slow oven 107 degrees C 225 degrees F Slow oven 149 degrees C 300 degrees F Moderate oven 177 degrees C 350 degrees F Hot oven 218 degrees C 425 degrees F Very hot oven 232 degrees C 450-500 degrees F Body Temperature Normal body temperature (by oral thermometer)= 98.6 F = 37.0 C. Normal body temperature 97.6 <--> 99.6 degrees F. Centigrade Fahrenheit low fever 37.8 degrees - 38.3 degrees 100 degrees - 101 degrees high fever 38.9 degrees - 40.6 degrees 102 degrees - 104 degrees Equivalents ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unit Metric Equivalent US Equivalent acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet^2 acre 4,046,856 4 meters^2 4,840 yards^2 acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles^2, kilometers^2 statute are 100 meters^2 119.599 yards^2 barrel (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons barrel (proof spirits, 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons US) barrel (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters^3 128 feet^3 cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US) degrees, celsius (water boils at 100. multiply by 1.8 and add degrees C, freezes at 0. C) 32 to obtain .F degrees, fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide by (water boils at 212 .F, 1.8 to obtain .C freezes at 32 .F) dram, avoirdupois 1.771 845 2 grams 0.062 5 ounces, avoirdupois dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet foot 30.48 centimeters foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, statute foot^2 929.030 4 centimeters^2 144 inches^2 foot 2 0.092 903 04 meters^2 0.111 111 1 yards^2 foot^3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons foot^3 0.028 316 847 meters^3 1,728 inches^3 furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, advp. gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, advp. hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches hectare 10,000 meters^2 2.471 053 8 acres hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avoirdupois hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avoirdupois inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet inch2 6.451 6 centimeters^2 0.006 944 44 feet^2 inch3 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3 inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, avoirdupois kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, statute kilometer^2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres kilometer^2 1,000,000 meters^2 0.386 102 16 miles^2, statute knot (1 nautical 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour mi/hr) league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches liter 0.001 meters^3 61.023 74 inches^3 liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards meter^2 10,000 centimeters^2 1.195 990 yards^2 meter^3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards^3 micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, statute mile^2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers^2 1.325 miles^2, statute mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs mile^2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers^2 0.755 miles^2, nautical minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid ounce, avoirdupois 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches pound, avoirdupois 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avourdupois pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile2, statute or 640 acres span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches stere 1 meter3 1.307 95 yards^3 tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons ton, long or 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avoirdupois deadweight ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, avoirdupois ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters^3 100 feet^3 ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avoirdupois township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers^2 36 miles^2, statute yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet yard^2 0.836 127 36 meters^2 9 feet^2 yard^3 0.764 554 86 meters^3 27 feet^3 yard^3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons . Appendix C: Weights, Measures, and Sizes The U.S. uses predominantly the English (inch, foot, yard, mile) system of measurement at this time. We are gradually changing over to the metric system, but most measurement continues to be in the English system. Weights and Measures Linear Measure Personal height is expressed in feet and inches. To convert centimeters to inches, multiply the number of centimeters by .39. To convert inches to centimeters, multiply the number of inches by 2.54. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Inches | Feet | Yards | Miles ------------------|----------------|----------------|------------|--------- 1 millimeter | .04 inches | | | 1 centimeter | .39 inches | | | 2.54 centimeters | 1 inch (1") | | | 30.58 centimeters | 12 inches | 1 foot (1') | | 1 meter | 39.4 inches | 3.28 feet | 1.09 yards | 91.44 centimeters | 36 inches | 3 feet | 1 yard | 1 kilometer | | 3274 feet | 1091 yards |.62 miles 1.6 kilometers | | 5280 feet | 1760 yards | 1 mile --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dry Measure Americans use the Avoirdupois system based on a pound (lb.) weighing 16 ounces (oz.). To convert grams to ounces, multiply the number of grams by .03527. To convert ounces to grams, multiply the number of ounces by 28.35. To convert kilos to pounds, multiply the number of kilos by 2.2046. To convert pounds to kilos, multiply the number of pounds by .4536. In the U.S. this system is used for personal weight and for weighing many commodities including meats, vegetables, sugar, coffee, butter, etc. ------------------------------------------------------------------ | Ounces | Pounds | Tons ------------------|----------------|----------------|------------- 1 gram | .03527 ounces | | 28.35 grams | 1 ounce | .0625 pounds | 0.4536 kilograms | 16 ounces | 1 pound | 1 kilogram | 35.2 ounces | 2.2 pounds | 907.2 kilograms | | 2,000 pounds | 1 ton 1 metric ton | | 2,200 pounds | 1.1 tons ----------------------------------------------------------------- Liquid Measure The English system of liquid measure, as used in the U.S., includes the teaspoon (tsp or t.), the tablespoon (tbs or T.), the cup (c.) the pint (pt.), the quart (qt.) and the gallon (gal.). You must use special utensils to measure these amounts correctly. Tableware may measure incorrect portions. English/English Equivalents English/International Equivalents 3 t. 1 T. 1 t. 5 milliliters 4 T. 1/4 c. 2 oz. 1 T. 15 ml. 1 c 8 oz. 1 c. 227 ml. 2 c. 1 pint 16 oz. 2 c. 454 ml. 2 pts. 1 qt. 32 oz. 1 qt. 1.10 liters 4 qt. 1 gal. 1 pt. .55 liter 1 gallon 4.40 liters 1 liter .91 qt. Temperature The Fahrenheit system is used to read temperature in the U.S. To convert Fahrenheit (F) to Centigrade (C), subtract 32 from F and divide by 1.8. To convert Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply C by 1.8 and add 32. Water boils at 100 degrees C or 212 degrees F. Water freezes at 0 degrees C or 32 degrees F. Centigrade Fahrenheit -30 degrees -22 degrees -20 degrees -4 degrees -10 degrees 14 degrees 0 degrees 32 degrees 10 degrees 50 degrees 20 degrees 68 degrees 30 degrees 86 degrees 38 degrees 100 degrees Cooking Temperatures: Very slow oven 107 degrees C 225 degrees F Slow oven 149 degrees C 300 degrees F Moderate oven 177 degrees C 350 degrees F Hot oven 218 degrees C 425 degrees F Very hot oven 232 degrees C 450-500 degrees F Body Temperature Normal body temperature (by oral thermometer) is 98.6 degrees F or 37.0 degrees C. Normal body temperature may vary between 97.6 degrees and 99.6 degrees F. Centigrade Fahrenheit low fever 37.8 degrees - 38.3 degrees 100 degrees - 101 degrees high fever 38.9 degrees - 40.6 degrees 102 degrees - 104 degrees Time Zones The continental U.S. is divided into four time zones: Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific. Illinois is in the Central Time zone. Traveling from the west coast to the east coast, you should set your watch ahead one hour each time you enter a new time zone. From the first Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October, the U.S. uses Daylight Savings Time. The newspapers and television will remind you that you should set your clocks forward one hour on the last Sunday in April and then set them back again on the last Sunday in October. There is a saying that helps you to remember: "Spring ahead, Fall back." weights measures That may well be true in NZ, but here in the UK you can still get a stone of spuds - indeed, my local supermarket normally stocks them in stone and half-stone (7lb) bags. I remember at school we learned the sequence of weights by chanting in unison:- 16 ounces - 1 pound 14 pounds - 1 stone 8 stone - 1 hundredweight 20 hundredweight - 1 ton Mind you, we also learned the sequence of length by chanting:- 12 inches - 1 foot 3 feet - 1 yard 5 1/2 yards - 1 rod, pole or perch 4 rods - 1 chain 10 chains - 1 furlong 8 furlongs - 1 mile 3 miles - 1 league (the reference to 5 1/2 yards - 1 rod, pole or perch was later dropped, and the line then became 22 yards - 1 chain) And, as I write this, a sense of my own antiquity overcomes me, as I realise that I am probably part of the last generation to know what to have used rods, chains, furlongs and leagues as real units of measure.